学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 ——《论语》
Learning is the eye of the mind. 学问是心灵的眼睛。
初二英语（第四讲）
主讲教师：汤 玮
主审教师：严长胜
【本讲内容】
本单元围绕同学们的学习生活实际，以校运会(The sports meeting)为话题；学习副词比较级、有关“祝贺”的日常交际用语、20多个单词及一些习惯用语和固定搭配。并复习动词的过去式。
【重点内容】
词汇：hold, hold a sports meeting, playground, fast, the long jump, the high jump, in front, runner, come on, pass on, catch up(with), at the same time, a moment later, fall behind, badly, right now,
日常交际用语：Bad luck! Come on! Well done! Congratulations! Hooray!
语法：副词的比较等级
【知识讲解】
1、hold(held. held):及物动词，意为“拿、抓住、举行”，当意为“举行”时，也可
以用have:
例如：
He is holding a bar of chocolate in his left hand. 他左手正拿着块巧克力。
They are going to hold(have) a class meeting. 他们将要开一次班会。
2、sport:表示“运动”的总称时，是不可数名词，指某一项运动时，是可数名词。
例如：
How many hours of sport does he do every week? 他每周运动多少时间?
Football is a popular sport.
足球是一项很受欢迎的运动。
当sport以它的复数形式sports出现时，多指“运动会”或表示“（有关）运动的”
例如：
sports shoes / shirt. 运动鞋/衫
Are you going to run in the school sports?
你将在校运会上参加赛跑吗？
此时. the school sports 就等于the school sports meeting.
3、tall与high:
tall与high都可以做形容词，它们的比较级都是在词尾加－er；最高级加－est。这两个词都可被译为“高的”。tall的反义词是short。high的反义词是low.
1)tall通常用来表示人、动物或树木的高度，在句中可以作定语，也可以做表语。
例如：
a tall boy / a tall horse. 一个高个子男孩/一匹高大的马
He is the tallest in our class. 他是我们班(个子)最高的。
There are many tall trees in front of our classroom. 我们教室前面有很多高树。
2)high一般用来修饰山岳以及不与地面接触的人或物,也可以用来表示抽象的高度。
例如：
Can you climb the high mountain? 你能爬上那座高山吗？
He is high up in the tree. 他高高地爬在树上。
He is a high official. 他是位高官。
Your price is too high. 你要价太高了。
3)当用于pole(竿子)或建筑物,如building; chimney等的高度时，tall与high都可以用。
例如：
a high/tall building. 一座高楼。
4)high还可以作副词，在句中用来修饰实义动词，但tall不能。
例如：
She jumped highest of all. 她跳得最高。
4、do well与do badly:
二者是一对反义词组，后面都接介词in。表示“在某方面干得出色或干得很糟”。
例如：
Lucy did badly in the last English exam, but Mary did even worse.
上次英语考试中，Lucy考得很糟糕，但Mary考得更差。
Did Jim do well or badly in the sports meeting?
运动会上，Jim成绩很出色还是很差？
Bill does better in maths than I, but he does worse in Chinese.
Bill数学比我学得好，语文比我学得差。
对比：be good at 善于
5、in front和in the front:
in front(of…)意思是“在…前面”。in the front(of…)意思是“在某一范围以内的前头”。
例如：
He walked in front of me. 他走在我前头。
There is a teacher's desk in the front of the classroom. 教室前面有一讲台。
There are many cars in front of the building. 大楼前面有好多辆轿车。
in front of的反义词是behind(某一物体的后面)。in the front of的反义词是at the back of(在某一范围内的后部)，指内部。
6、ready的用法：
ready作形容词。意为“准备好了的”不可误解为“准备”，“准备”prepare是动词。
例如：
Are you ready? 你们准备好了吗？
They are preparing for the coming exam. 他们正在为即将来临的考试做准备。
ready常与get或be一同构成词组，其形式为get ready…，be ready…，意为“…准备…”。如需用动词，可以在后边加上to do sth,其形式为get ready to do sth,be ready to do sth:意为“…准备做…”。前者强调的是行为，可用于各种时态；后者强调的是状态，有…乐意…“的含义。
例如：
He is always ready to help others. 他总是乐意帮助别人。
All the runners got ready to run. 所有的运动员都准备起跑了。
如需在get ready或be ready后加名词，则须先在名词前加介词for。其形式为:get ready for sth,be ready for sth。
例如：
The farmers are very busy, getting ready for the next year.
农民们都很忙，正在为来年做准备。
We got ready for everything two hours ago.
两小时前我们把一切都准备好了。
7、start与begin:
二者是同义词，意为“开始”，可作及物动词或不及物动词：作及物动词时，宾语可用名词，不定式或动词-ing形式。
例如：
He begins his work at 8:30 every morning. 他每天早晨8:30开始工作。
The students began/started to sing/singing. 学生们开始唱歌了。
begin与start后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可，意思也差不多。但有些时候，二者有区别。
1)强调情况的变化时，用不定式较多；表示动作将持续下去时，用动名词较多。
例如：
Billy began to cry and the nurse could not help crying.
Billy开始哭了起来，护士禁不住也哭了起来。
So I at once began making preparations for a trip home.
所以我立即开始动手准备回家了。
2)begin/start本身为-ing形式时，后面一般只能用动词不定式。
The water is beginning to boil. 水开始沸腾了。
It was starting to snow at that time. 那时天开始下起雪来。
start与begin常可以通用，但当谈到长时间、缓慢的动作时，或者在较正式的文体中，一般多用begin。
例如：
Very slowly, he began to realize that he was wrong.
慢慢地，他开始意识到他错了。
start则多用于谈论规律性发生的“停而复始的”动作。另外，start还可用于“出发，启程，开动(机器)”等意思。此时，不可以与begin替换使用。
例如：
We’d better start （≠begin）now, for the roads are empty.
我们最好现在出发，因为此时路上车辆少。
She didn’t know how to start the machine.
她不懂如何开启这台机器。
8、at the end of : 在…结束时；在…尽头。
既可用来指时间，也可以用来指地点。
例如：
Do you think we’ll have a party at the end of this week?
你认为本周末我们会举行一次聚会吗？
The fruit shop is at the end of the street.
水果店在这条街的尽头。
9、pass…on to sb: 意思是“把…传给某人”。
其中on是副词，表示“继续，接着”之意。强调动作发生的连续性。但如果仅是两人之间的一次性动作，就不必用on。
例如：
After you read the note, please pass it on. 读了字条后，请往下转。
Will you please pass the salt to me, dear? 亲爱的，把盐递给我好吗？
10、go on: 意为“继续”
1)当表示“继续做某事”时，后边跟doing sth.
Let’s go on working. 咱们继续工作吧
They were very tired, but they went on walking. 虽然他们很累了，可仍然继续赶路。
2)若要在go on 的后边加名词或代词，则须先加with,即go on with sth.
please go on with your talk. 请继续谈。
11、enough的用法：
1)作形容词，意为“足够的”，一般位于被修饰名词之前。
例如：
enough food and clothes. 足够的食品和衣服。
I have enough time to read novels. 我有足够的时间读小说。
2)作副词，修饰形容词或副词，放置其后，且enough后也可以跟不定式，用作状语，表示enough的程度，或跟由for引导的介词短语。
You can never be careful enough. 你再仔细也不过份。
The book isn’t easy enough for a middle school student.
这本书对于一个中学生来说不太容易(读)。
He ran fast enough to catch up with others.
他跑得非常快(以致于)赶上了其它的人。
The problem is easy enough for me to solve.
这问题对于我来说很容易解决。
12、quick, quickly, fast, soon
quick是形容词。(quickly是副词)，意为“迅速的”，反义词是slow(slowly)。quick不强调速度，而强调动作的敏捷，指动作“迅速地发生或完成”，具有即刻行动，毫不耽搁之意。fast既可作形容词又可以作副词，着重指某运动着的物体或人的速度之快。soon指在不久的未来将发生某生某个动作或产生某种情况。也可指过去很短时间之后发生了某个动作或产生了某个情况。
例如：
It often rains and the trees grow fast. 天经常下雨，树木长得很快。(不用quickly)
He always speaks fast. 他讲话总是很快。(不宜用quickly)
She quickly dressed her baby and went out.
她很快给她的孩子穿了衣服，然后出去了。(不宜用fast).
Soon they finished their work and went home.
不久（很快）他们完成了任务回家去了。
You’ll see him soon. 你不久就会见到他了。
催促某人“快点”时，说Be quick.不说Be fast.
13、congratulation的用法：
名词congratulation一般以其复数形式出现，表示祝贺，可单独使用，也可以与介词搭配使用，介词to表示向谁表示祝贺，介词on 表示因什么而祝贺。
例如：
Congratulations! 祝贺你（们）！
Congratulations to you on your good result! 祝贺你取得好成绩！
congratulations 的动词形式是congratulate.因此“因…而祝贺某人”也可以说成：congratulate sb. on sth.
例如：
Congratulate you on your good result! 祝贺你取得好成绩！
14、drop与fall: drop与fall 都是动词，含义都是“落下”。
1)drop可作及物动词，表示有意识地或无意，不小心“掉下”某一物体，而fall不可作及物动词。
The class 2 runners dropped his stick on the ground.
二班的运动员不小心把接力棒掉在了地上。
He dropped his shoes on the floor. 他把鞋扔在了地板了。
2)drop和fall都可作不及物动词。表示“掉下”，“落下”。
Be careful on the ice, or you’ll fall. 在冰上要注意，不然要跌倒。
She dropped (fell) to the ground. 她摔倒在地上。
An orange dropped (fell) from the tree. 一只桔子从树上掉了下来。
【同步练习】
一、语音：
A．选出一个含有题前所给词划线部分发音的单词：
1.choose A.house B.course C.fast D.news
2.rather A.third B.thick C.then D.thought
3.ground A.country B.loudly C.enough D.young
4.north A.fortieth B.world C.worse D.work
5.lucky A.pull B.busy C.put D.bus
B．选出一个重音位置与其它单词不同的词：
1.A.relay B.interesting C.important D.course
2.A.hooray B.result C.machine D.second
3.A.subject B.before C.police D.enough
4.A.southeast B.family C.runner D.playground
5.A.behind B.island C.arrive D.eleven
二、选择：
1、Look! All the runners are standing the starting line.
A.on B.in C.at D.to
2、Tom ran to catch up with Mike in front.
A.fast enough B.enough fast C.quick enough D.enough quickly
3、Who can jump ,You or Lucy?
A.high B.tallest C.taller D.higher
4、They won yesterday, didn’t they?
A.class 2 B.we C.the game D.Lin Tao and Wei Hua
5、 is not difficult to do the job.
A.It B.This C.He D.That
6、At the front of the queue two old women.
A.was B.were C.were there D.will be
7、He is a man, tall but thin.
A.forty years old B.forty-year-old
C.forty-years-old D.forty years
8、Mary and her parents doctors in the same hospital.
A.all are B.are both C.both are D.are all
9、When Jim saw the book on the ground, he stopped .
A.to pick it up B.to pick up it C.picking it up D.picking up it
10、Bob was away from school for two weeks. So now he has to work hard
the rest of the class.
A.to catch up B.catches up with C.catching up with D.to catch up with.
11、Billy two balls from the top of the building.
A.jumped B.fell C.dropped D.falled
12、I you good health in the coming New Year.
A.wish B.hope C.want D.give
13、“What would you like to do,singing or dancing?
“I choose you a song.”
A.singing B.to sing C.sing D.sang
14、When he listens to a talk,he likes to sit .
A.in front of B.at front C.in the front D.at the front.
15、“I lost my schoolbag.”
“ ” A.Good Luck B.Well done C.Congratulations D.Bad Luck
三、完形填空：
Jack lost(丢失)his Job last week. It was difficult for him to find another
1 . 2 told him that it was possible to get a new one in a town two hundred kilometers 3 .He decided to get there 4 .So he went to the railway station and got 5 a train. He was the only one in the car(车厢). The train started. Suddenly a man came in 6 a gun and said to him,“Your money 7 your life!”Jack sat there without 8 up.
“I 9 any money,”Jack answered.
“Then why are you so afraid of me?”the man asked angrily.
“Because I 10 you were the conductor, and I didn’t buy a ticket,”answered Jack.
1、A.work B.jobs C.ones D.one
2、A.Nobody B.Somebody C.Anybody D.No one
3、A.from B.farther C.away D.off
4、A.by bike B.on foot C.by train D.by bus
5、A.off B.on C.up D.to
6、A.with B.has C.have D.there was
7、A.but B.and C.so D.or
8、A.stands B.standing C.stood D.stand
9、A.don’t have B.have no C.didn’t have D.had
10、A.know B.didn’t know C.think D.thought
四、阅读理解：
Man has a brain(大脑). He can think, learn and speak. Scientists(科学家)once thought that men are different from animals because they can think and learn. But now scientists are beginning to understand that men are different from animals because they can speak. Animals cannot speak. They make noises when they are afraid or angry. Apes(猿)can understand some things more quickly than human(人类), one or two have learned a few words. But they are still different from us. They can not join words and make sentences. They cannot think like us because they have no language. They can never think about the past or the future(将来).Language is a wonderful thing. Man has been able to build a modern world because he has language. Every child can speak his own language very well when he is four or five——but no animal learns to speak. How do the children learn? Scientists do not really know. What happens when we speak? Scientists do not know either. They only know that man can speak because he has a big brain.
1、In what way are men different from animals?
A. Men can understand things quickly. B. Men can learn.
C. Men have learned to use language. D. Men have brains.
2、What is the thing an ape cannot do?
A. Making noises B. understanding things
C. learning words D. speaking like a man.
3、Scientists now know .
A. how children learn to speak B. Why apes can learn a few words
C. what happens when men speak D. man’s brain helps him to learn to speak
4、What is this article mainly about?
A. ape’s language B. man’s brain and language
C. human brain D. animals’ learning
5、Apes cannot join words. The word“join”means .
A.把…连在一起 B.参加 C.创造 D.记住
五、翻译下列词组：
1、1000米赛跑 2、第一个跑道上
2、终点线 4、落在后面
5、跳高 6、并驾齐驱
六、用下列单词的适当形式填空：
1、Kate shouted at me when she walked (pass)me.
2、He is thinner than before, but runs (fast).
3、Mabel was the (win) of the race at yesterday’s sports meeting.
4、In China, the last name is the (give) name.
5、Both of (they) did very (bad).
6、Look! How (slow)the train is running!
7、The woman found her husband twenty days (late).
8、Who works (careful), Li Ping or Lin Mei?
9、September is the (nine)month of the year.
10、They set off on a (sun)morning.
七、按要求改写下列句子：
1、My father ran too slowly to catch the first train.(同义句)
My father didn’t run catch the first train.
2、The teacher came into the classroom, but the students didn’t stop
talking.(同义句)
The teacher came into the classroom, but the students
.
3、Their friends couldn’t help them.(同义句)
Their friends could help them.
4、The news is very interesting.(感叹句)
What ！
5、Linda and her parents go picnicking once a month.(提问)
do Linda and her parents go picnicking?
八、改错：
1、 If you have mumps (腮腺炎)，you mustn’t near to the babies.
A B C D
2、By the end of the road ,you can see a tall building.
A B C D
3、My aunt will write to me after she will arrive in London next month.
A B C D
4、His grandpa is growing flowers in the front of the house
A B C D
5、It is real a dear picture. I don’t have so much money with me.
A B C D
九、翻译：
1、昨天的雨下得比今天大得多。
It rained yesterday than today.
2、3班的林涛开始追上其他的运动员了。
Lin Tao Class 3 to other .
3、我没有参加任何比赛，因为我摔了一跤，伤了左脚，但是我很开心地看了运动会，
并且照看我同学的衣服。
I wasn’t of the sports because I fell and my left foot.
But I the happily and my classmates’
clothes.
4、在女子跳远中，Catherine跳得最远，所以她是第一。
In the jump, Catherine jumped .She
.
5、祝贺你取得好成绩。
you your good result！
【练习答案与提示】
一、１．Ｂ ２．Ｃ ３．Ｂ ４．Ａ ５．Ｄ ６．Ｃ ７．Ｄ ８．Ａ
9．Ａ 10．Ｂ
二、１．Ｃ ２．Ａ ３．Ｄ ４．Ｃ ５．Ａ ６．Ｂ ７．Ｂ ８．Ｄ
9．Ａ 10．Ｄ 11．Ｃ 12．Ａ 13．Ｂ 14．Ｃ 15．Ｄ
４．They won _____yesterday, didn’t they?
A class 2 B we C the game D Lin Tao and Wei Hua
讲解：动词win是＂赢＂的意思，作及物动词时，其宾语通常是a game, a battle (战役)，victory（胜利）, a prize（奖）, a contest（竞赛）, a race（赛跑）, a bet（打赌）, money (钱)等。表示物或事情的名词。若要表示＂打败某人＂＂打赢某人＂的意思，即用人作宾语时，通常用beat这个动词。
三、1．D ２．Ｂ ３．Ｃ ４．C ５．Ｂ ６．Ａ ７．Ｄ ８．Ｂ
9．Ａ 10．Ａ
第七题：Your money or your life! 用or 表示选择。意即“要钱还是要命。”
第八题：without是介词with的反义词，其后须跟动名词。
四、１．Ｃ ２．Ｄ ３．Ｄ ４．Ｃ ５．Ａ
五、１．the 1,000－metre race ２．on the first lap
３．the finishing line ４．fall behind
５．the high jump ６．be neck and neck
六、１．past ２．faster ３．winner ４．given ５．them，badly ６．slowly
７．later 8．more carefully ９．ninth 10．sunny
七、１．fast enough ２．went on talking ３．do nothing to
４．interesting news it is ５．How often
八、１．Ｄ，go near ２．A, At ３．C, arrives ４．C, in front ５．A, really
第一题：must是情态动词．后面须跟一个动词原形．而near在此只是一个介词．所以在它之前加一个go，使go near成为一个动词短语．
九、１．much, more, heavily ２．from, began/started, catch up with, runners
３．in any, hurt, watched, sports meeting, looked after
４．girls’ long, farthest of all, was first
５．Congratulations to, on