学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 ——《论语》
Learning is the eye of the mind. 学问是心灵的眼睛。
初二英语（第九讲）
主讲教师：李 杰
主审教师：严长胜
【教学内容、目标】
一．教学内容：
"Junior English for China" "Students' Book 3 " "Unit 6"
二．重点归纳：
1. 现在完成时的构成及基础用法。
2. 过去分词的构成。
3. "if"引导的条件状语从句。
4. 单词：dictionary，several，anywhere，yet，on，strict，return，polite，everywhere，pity，pay，ever，know-all，history
5. 常用词组：
from……on 从······时候起
pay for something 为······而付款、偿付
pay somebody 付钱给某人
be strict with somebody 对某人要求严格
be strict in something 对某事严格要求
对某事要求严格 return from 从······地方回来
return to 回到······地方
on time 准时
in time 及时
on / about something 关于某事
return something to somebody = return somebody something
把某物还给某人
6. 日常交际用语：
①. I have got a book. 我有一本书。
②. Have you got……? 你有·····吗？
③. Yes，I have. / No，I haven't. 是的，我有。/ 不，我没有。
④. I'm so glad. 我真高兴。
⑤. What a pity! 多可惜啊！
三．知识讲解：
1. Have you got a ruler? ，你有尺吗？
“have got”作“有”的意思时，同“have”其实没有什么大区别，"have got"多用于英国英语，“have” 则是美国英语。
例如：I have got a big model plane. 我有一架大模型飞机。
"have" 当“患（病）”解释时，也可以与“got”连用。
例如：I have (got) a bad cold. 我得了重感冒。
2. A dictionary. 一本字典。
“查字典”为：“look up a word in a dictionary”
例如：Would you please look up the new words before doing your homework? 你做回家作业之前先查一下字典好吗？
3. Yes，we've got several. 是的，我们有几本。
“several”意思为“几个”（指三个或三个以上，但不是很多），用来修饰可数名词，和“a few，some”是同义词。
例如：I have several pencils. I can lend you one.
我有几枝铅笔。我可以借给你一枝。
注意：“some few，quite a few，not a few，a good few”意思为“相当多”。与“several”不同。
例如：I have quite a few books. 我有相当多的书。
4. We haven't got any at the moment. 我们现在没有。
“at the moment”意思是：“现在”，同义词组为“at this moment”。
例如：Every student is at school at this moment.
每个学生现在都在学校。
“at that moment”相当于“at that time”和“then”意思是：“那时候”。
例如：He was very angry at that moment / at that time / then.
他那时候非常生气。
5. I've lost my science book. Have you seen it anywhere?
我把我的理科书丢了，你在什么地方见过吗？
本句中使用的是现在完成时。现在完成时由助动词“have (has)”＋动词过去分词构成，其肯定式、否定式、疑问式如下：
肯定式：I / We / You / They have seen it. 我/ 我们/ 你/ 你们/ 他们（它们、 她们）见过它。
He / She has seen it. 他/ 她见过它。
否定式：I / We / You / They have not seen it. 我/ 我们/ 你/ 你们/ 他们（它们、 她们）没见过它。
He / She has not seen it. 他/ 她没见过它。
疑问式：Have I / we / you / they seen it? 我/ 我们/ 你/ 你们/ 他们（它们、 她们）见过它吗？
Has he / she seen it? 他/ 她见过它吗？
这个时态的基本特点是和现在有密切的联系，它所使用的场合是：
①. 到现在为止这段时间内业已发生的情况：
例如：How many classes have you had today?
你今天（到现在为止）已经上了多少课了？
②. 某个动作虽然已发生，但其后果和影响与现在有关：
例如：Mike has already gone to the Great Wall.
麦克已经去了长城。（到现在为止不在这儿）
注意事项：学生在该用现在完成时的时候却经常用过去时，这是因为没有掌握这两者之间的区别。
试比较：
（1）. Have you finished your homework?
你完成回家作业了吗？（强调到现在为止有没有做好）
When did you finish your homework?
你什么时候完成回家作业的？（强调具体完成时间）
（2）. I have learned 3，000 words.
我已经学了三千个单词了。（强调到现在为止学了多少）
I learned 3，000 words.
我（过去）学了三千个单词。（过去的一种情况，现在可能不止了）
过去分词的构成：
规则动词分为四类：
①． 原形＋"ed"。
例如：work worked worked visit visited visited
②． 字尾为“e”时，只需加“-d”。
例如：like liked liked live lived lived
③． 字尾为“元音字母＋y”时，保留“y”，直接加“ed”。
例如：play played played stay stayed stayed
字尾为“辅音字母＋y”时，将“y”改为“i”，再加“ed”。
例如：study studied studied cry cried cried
④． 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节时，将最后的辅音字母重复后再加“ed”。
例如：stop stopped stopped drop dropped dropped
附：不规则动词中比较有规则的有：
①. 三种形式都一样的有：
hit hit hit， hurt hurt hurt
let let let， read read / red / read / red /
put put put， cost cost cost
过去式与过去分词一样的有：
win won won， understand understood understood
think thought thought， tell told told
teach taught taught， sweep swept swept
stand stood stood， spend spent spent
smell smelt/smelled smelt/ smelled，sleep slept slept
sit sat sat， shine shined / shone shined / shone
send sent sent， sell sold sold
say said said， meet met met
mean meant meant， make made made
lose lost lost， lend lent lent
leave left left， learn learned/learnt learned / learnt
keep kept kept， hold held held
hear heard heard， have / has had had
hang hanged / hung hanged / hung， get got got
find found found， fight fought fought
feel felt felt， dig dug dug
catch caught caught， buy bought bought
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt， build built built
bring brought brought，
原形与过去分词一样的有：
come came come， become became become
run ran run，
副词“also，both，often，usually”等在句中的位置。
这些词通常在句中置于行为动词之前，系动词之后，情态动词之后，在现在完成时中，要放于“have / has”和过去分词之间。
例如：He is often late for school. 他上学经常迟到。
He is usually careless in the exam. 他考试中通常很粗心。
They have both been to London twice.
他们俩都去过伦敦两次了。
6. Have you found your ruler yet? 你找到你的尺了吗？
“yet”用来谈论事情是否已经发生，大多与现在完成时连用，组成否定句和疑问句。用于疑问句，用以加强语气；用于否定句，则意思为“尚”、“还”。
例如：I haven't seen the film yet. 我还没有看过这部电影。
Have you ever been there before? 你曾经去过那儿吗？
另外“not yet”还可以用于简略回答，其意思为“还没有”。
例如：Have you finished your homework? Not yet.
你完成回家作业了吗？还没有。
注意事项：“yet”与“already”是同义词。其区别在于：
“yet”一般用于疑问句或否定句，通常位于助动词后或句尾。
例如：He has not yet finished his homework. 他到现在还没有完成他的回家作业。
“already”常被用于肯定句，通常位于助动词后或句尾。
例如：I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成回家作业了。
“already”如果被用于疑问句中，常被用来表示“惊奇”，“意外”的含义。
例如：Has the shop begun yet? 商店已经开了吗？
Has the shop begun already? 商店已经开了吗？!（非常惊讶）
7. But she is very strict. 但是她很严格。
"strict" adj. 意思为：“严格的”
常用词组有：
①. "be strict with somebody" 意思为：“对某人要求严格”，后接表示人的名词或代词等。
例如：Don't be too strict with the boy! 别对那个男孩太严格！
②. "be strict in something" 意思为：“对某事要求严格”，后接某件事、某项工作或某个方面的名词。
例如：Jim is always strict with himself in everything.
吉姆事事严格要求自己。
8. You must always return your library book on time.
你一定要按时归还图书馆的书。
①. "return" 作“归还”解释时，是及物动词，可以接两个宾语。
用作：“return something to somebody = return somebody something” 意思为：“把某物还给某人”
例如：I will return the money to Tom. = I will return Tom the money. 我会把钱还给汤姆的。
②. "return" 作“归来”解释时，是不及物动词，后接“from”表示从某地归来；后接“to”表示回到某地（go back）。
例如：When will he return from America?
他什么时候会从美国回来？
Mr. Green returned to New York last night.
格林先生昨晚回到了纽约。
When did Mr. Green return from Chicago to New York last night? 格林先生昨晚什么时候从芝加哥回到纽约的？
"return" 的注意事项：“return”本身就有“again”和“back”的含义，因此不能用“return again” 和“return back”。
③. "on time" 意思为：“准时”、“按时”。
例如：Everybody got there on time. 每个人都准时到了。
④. "in time" 意思为：“及时”，即“不迟于规定的时间之前”，其后可以接“for”＋名词或接不定式。
例如：I hope you will get to the Great Wall in time.
我希望你能及时到达长城。
9. Excuse me，have you got any books about the moon and the stars? 劳驾，你有有关月亮和星星的书吗？
“on，about”可以用于表示书、文章、讲话、讲演等的题目或内容，意思为：“论及”。
例如：Mr. Green will give us a talk on / about mathematics in English tomorrow night.
格林先生明天晚上将给我们用英语做一个关于数学的报告。
“on”和“about”之间的区别在于：
“about”是口语化形式，表示关于生活中的杂事，小事，人或物。
例如：It's a book about hares. 这是一本关于野兔的（故事）书。
“on”是正式用语，通常表示关于政治、文化、科学、艺术、历史等。
例如：It's a book on hares. 一本关于（养）兔的（科技）书。
10. I've looked round the whole school. I can't find it anywhere.
我找遍了整个学校，哪儿也找不到。
①. 此处的“round”是介词，“look round……”意思为：“在······到处看（找）”。
例如：You must look round carefully before you cross the road.
你在穿马路之前必须仔细到处看看。
②. “anywhere”在这里是副词，常用于疑问句和否定句。
例如：Have you seen Mr. Green anywhere?
你在什么地方见过格林先生吗？
③. “anywhere”如果用于肯定句，意思为“任何地方”。
例如：You can go anywhere you like.
你可以到任何你喜欢的地方去。
④. 在肯定句中则用“everywhere”（到处），“somewhere”（某处）。
例如：I looked for the pen everywhere，but I just couldn't find it. 我到处找那支钢笔，但是就是找不到。
11. He asked very politely. 他非常有礼貌的问。
"be polite to somebody" 意思为：“对某人有礼貌”。
例如：You must be polite to others. 你对别人一定要有礼貌。
12. What a pity! 多可惜啊！
“pity” n. 意思为：“怜悯，同情”。
13. You must pay for it. 你必须赔偿它。
①. “pay”作“支付”、“赔偿”解释时，后面接钱款作直接宾语；后接物件的名词，则要用“pay for”。
例如：I paid a lot of money for the house.
我为这幢房子付了很多钱。
②. “pay”之后还可以接“somebody”表示“付钱给某人”。
例如：I paid Jim some money for cleaning the garden for me.
我付给吉姆一些钱因为他替我整理了花园。
③. “pay”还可以作不及物动词，后接“for”表示“为······而付款”、“偿付”等。
例如：I have paid for the book，I didn't steal it.
我已经为那本书付了钱，我没有偷。
14. Please be more careful from now on! 从现在起你要更细心些！
“from now on” 意思为：“从现在起”、“从今以后”
例如：From now on，we will never do it again.
从今以后，我们决不会再做那件事了。
“from……on”意思是：“从······时候起”。
例如：From then on，I haven't been there again.
从那时候起，我再也没有去过那儿。
15. I have never lost a book before. 我以往从未丢失过一本书。
Have you ever made dumplings? 你曾经做过饺子吗？
①. “ever”用于现在完成时，表示到现在为止的任何时候，相当于“曾经”，多用于疑问句和表示最高级的从句中。
例如：This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
这是我看过的书中最有趣的一本。
②. 在否定句中，常用“never”代替“not ever”。
例如：I have never been there before. 我以前从来没有去过那儿。
③. “before”和“ago”都是副词，都有“以前”的含义。“before”可以单独使用，泛指“以前”，用于现在完成时或过去时。
例如：I have never been there before. 我以前从来没有去过那儿。
“ago”不能单独使用，要置于时间段的词组之后，只能和过去时连用。
例如：The cat was here a minute ago. 那只猫刚才还在这儿。
试比较：误：I have been there ago.
正：I have been there before. 我以前去过那儿。
误：I have been there a few days ago.
正：I went there a few days ago. 我几天前去过那儿。
【同步练习】
一.单项选择：
1. My friend __________ here for about a month.
a. left b. was away c. has been away from d. has left
2. My father has some trouble __________ his heart.
a. with b. without c. in d. from
3. It's really foolish __________ him to play with matches.
a. of b. with c. for d. without
4. There are trees on __________ sides of the street.
a. either b. all c. both d. every
5. He'll be angry if you call him __________.
a. Mr. Brown b. Henry Brown c. Mr. Robert d. Bob
6. Would you please __________ in the library?
a. to somke b. don't smoke c. not to smoke d. not smoke
7. This kind of Chinese food __________ "jiaozi".
a. is called b. are called c. calls d. is calling
8. Have you __________ been to the city of Moscow?
a. never b. ever c. yet d. even
9. Everybody must __________ home after the meeting.
a. return b. return from c. return to d. get to
10. Have you got a plane? Yes，__________.
a. I havn't b. I have c. I do d. I don't
11. Excuse me，can you tell me where __________.
a. is People Cinema b. People Cinema is
c. the People's Cinema is d. is the People's Cinema
12. __________ the film yet? Not yet. I __________ it.
a. Have you seen，saw b. Have you seen，will see
c. Did you see，will see d. Did you see，saw
13. Miss Yang likes the boys __________ her.
a. to pay attention b. to notice
c. to pay attention to d. notice
14. Have you ever travelled __________ train?
a. in b. on c. by d. by a
15. Tom is __________. He is enjoying his meal.
a. at the table b. at desk c. at table d. at the desk
16. Mr. Smith had to __________ the lost car.
a. pay for b. pay c. spend d. spend for
17. I love basketball. My bother，Jim，__________it.
a. loves too b. too loves c. loves also d. also loves
18. He loves reading books _________ American history.
a. in b. at c. with d. on
19. Everybody must be strict _________ ourselves and be strict _________ our work.
a. in, with b. with, in c. in, in d. with, with
20. As a young man, you must be polite _________ the old.
a. with b. in c. to d. for
二.用所给单词的适当形式填空：
1. What _________you _________ (do) while the others _________ (clean) the classroom?
2. At the moment, who _________(help) dad in the garden?
3. Mr. Brown _________(be) a soldier since 1984.
4. Nobody _________(finish) the homework yet.
5. How long _________you_________(study) in this school?
6. Every time I _________(want) to sleep, he _________(make) some noise and I _________(be) angry at that.
7. I _________(forget) to bring my ruler, so I _________(have) to borrow one.
8. If anybody _________(break) the model plane, he _________(have) to pay for it.
9. Michael _________(be) to the zoo twice this month.
10. I _________ never _________ (see) a zebra before.
三.写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词:
1. beat _________ _________
2. give _________ _________
3. make _________ _________
4. let _________ _________
5. sell _________ _________
6. drive _________ _________
7. bring _________ _________
8. burn _________ _________
9. break _________ _________
10. wake _________ _________
四．翻译句子：
1. 你已经读固过那本关于美国历史的书了吗？还没有。不过我已有了一本。
________ you ________ the book _________ American __________?
No，I ________. But I have _________ one.
2. 桑迪正卧病在床，因为他得了重感冒。
Sandy is _________ in bed because he _________ got a bad cold.
3. 两星期前我偶尔在街上遇到他，但打那以后我再没见过他。
I happened to _________ him in the street two weeks _________，but I ________ ________ him again since then.
4. 他们以前从未看过一本叫做《西行漫记》的电影。
They ________ never _________ a film _________ "Red Star Over China".
5. 玛丽江还未把书还给图书馆。她最好准时去还。
Mary hasn't _________ the book to the library. She'd better give it _________ ________ time.
6. 如果你把那只名贵的手表丢失的话，恐怕你得为此赔一大笔钱。
I'm afraid (that) if you have _________ that dear watch you have _________ pay ________ money _________ it.
7. 你们俩都必须对别人有礼貌并且对自己严格要求。
_________ of you must be polite _________ others and strict _________ _________.
8. 如果你做作业之前不先查生词的话, 就会犯很多错误。
If you _________ _________ _________ the _________ _________ in the dictionary before _________ _________ homework, you'll _________ many _________.
9. 我有几本书,但是我不能借给你。
I have _________ books, but I _________ _________ _________ to you.
10．如果汤姆总是把今天的作业拖到明天，他决不可能考得好试。
If Tom always _________ today's _________ for _________, he _________ never do _________ _________ the exam.
11．在你拜访他之前请先打个电话。
Give _________ a _________ call before you _________ to see him.
12．玛丽喜欢理科，她进教室时，胳膊底下总是夹着一本理科书。
Mary loves _________ _________, she always _________ into the classroom _________ a _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.
13．那个房间能容纳多少人？
How many _________ can the room _________?
14．如果你想发音正确的话，请不要发“island”中的“s”。
If you _________ _________ make _________ _________ sound, please don't _________ the letter "s" in the _________ "island".
五．改错：
A: I have lose my Chinese book. Have you seen it everywhere?
B: Excuse me，I don't have.
( Several hours after.)
C: Have your brother found his book yet?
B: Yes. He was finding his book when his friend Jim called to see him with that book. Jim lent it two weeks ago，but forget to return it back.
C: I'm sorry to hear that.
【同步练习参考答案】
一．
1. c
2. a
3. a
4. c
5. c
6. d
7. a
8. b
9. a
10. b
11. c
12. b
13. c
14. c
15. c
16. a
17. d
18. d
19. b
20. c
二．
1. were, doing, were cleaning
2. is helping
3. has been
4. has finished
5. have, studied
6. wanted, made, am / was
7. forgot, have
8. break, will have
9. has been
10. have, seen
三．
1. beat, beaten
2. gave, given
3. made, made
4. let, let
5. sold, sold
6. drove, driven
7. brought, brought
8. burned / burnt, burned / burnt
9. broke, broken
10. waked / woke, waked / woke
四．
1. Have，read，about，history，haven't，got
2. ill，has
3. meet，ago，haven't，seen
4. have，seen，named
5. returned，back，on
6. lost，to，much，for
7. Both，to，with，yourselves
8. don't, look, up, new, words, doing, your, make, mistakes
9. several, can't, lend, them,
10. leave, homework, tomorrow, can / will, well, in
11. him, phone, call
12. science, subjects, comes, with, science, book, under, her, arm
13. people, hold
14. want, to, the, right, say, word
五．
A: I have lost my Chinese book. Have you seen it anywhere?
B: I'm sorry，I don't. ( Several hours later.)
C: Has your brother found his book yet?
B: Yes. He was looking for his book when his friend Jim called to see him with that book. Jim borrowed it two weeks ago，but forgot to return it.
C: I'm sorry to hear that.