学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 ——《论语》
Learning is the eye of the mind. 学问是心灵的眼睛。
初二英语（第十六讲）
主讲教师：李 杰
主审教师：严长胜
【教学内容】
(Junior English for China Students’ Book3) Unit 12.
【重点归纳】
1. New words and phrases: while，write down，make sure，cover，each，beside，by air，seat，come round，in a minute，just then，mind，change one’s mind，arrive in，furthest，take (good) care of，instruction，fill，leaf，hate，journey，safely，jacket，nearly，cage，flight，
2. Everyday English: Could you do something for me，please?
你能替我做点事吗？
What would you
like me to do?
你想要我做什么？
Are you sure
you don’t mind?
你肯定你不介意吗？
Yes，of course I’m sure / I’m quite sure. 是的，我当然肯定。/ 我非常肯定。
Oh，you haven’t changed your mind，have you? 哦，你还没有改变主意，是吗？
I don’t mind. 我不介意。
Glad to help. 很高兴能帮忙。
Can I have the window seat，please? 我能坐在靠窗的位子吗？
3. Grammar: 以连接词、连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句
Can you tell me who we have to see?
I don’t know which foreign languages he has studied.
Do you know what time the ship leaves?
We don’t know when we arrive.
Could you tell me where the nearest post office is?
Could you tell me how we get to the plane?
【知识讲解】
1. Glad to help! 乐意帮忙！
本句为省略说法，完整形式为“I’m glad to help you.” 在口语中，常用“glad to do something”表示“乐于做某事”。
例如：I’m glad to see you again. 再次见到你很高兴。
2.
I’ve written it all down on
this list.
我已经将一切都写在这份清单上了。
“write down”意思为“记下”、“写下”，“down”是副词。
例如：Please write down all the new words in your exercise book.
请在练习本上写下所有的生词。
3. I’ll take good care of her. 我会好好照管她的。
“take care of”意思为“照管”、“照料”，相当于“look after”，其中“care”是名词，可以用“good”修饰，“take good care of somebody / something”意思为“好好照料某人/某物”。
例如：You must take good care of the baby when I’m away.
我不在时请好好照料宝宝。
4.
Make sure she has clean water
every day.
务必使她每天有干净的水喝。
“make sure”的意思有“务请”、“设法办到”、“弄清”等。其句型有“make sure”接“that”从句；“make sure”接不定式；“make sure”接“of＋名词（或动名词）”。
例如：Make sure (that) you get there on time.
你一定要确保准时赶到那儿。
Make sure to return the book to the library for me this afternoon. 今天下午务必替我把书还到图书馆去。
Make sure of coming back before 4 o’clock，please.
请务必于四点钟以前回来。
5.
Give her a clean cabbage leaf
twice a week.
每两周给她吃一片干净的白菜叶子。
英语中要表达“在一段时间几次”的概念，可以用“次数＋a(n)＋时间段”的结构，在这种结构中，a(n)不能换成“one”。
例如：ten miles an hour 每小时十哩
once a year 每年一次
six times a day 每天六次
We have three meals a day. 我们一天吃三顿饭。
6.
Why does Mrs. Green hate
travelling?
为啥格林太太不愿意旅行呢？
①.“hate”意思为“憎恶”、“讨厌”、“不喜欢”、“不愿意”等，后接名词、不定式或“ing动词”均可。
例如：She hates pork and never eat any.
她讨厌猪肉，从来也不吃。
She hates to be cheated. 她不喜欢被骗。
He hates being late. 他讨厌迟到。
②.“hate，love，like，prefer”等表示“憎”、“爱”一类的动词既可以接“ing动词”，又可以接不定式做宾语，有时差别不大。
例如：In summer people like to go / going swimming.
夏天人们喜欢去游泳。
③．一般来说，表示经常性的行为，多用“ing动词”，表示一次性行为，多用不定式。特别是在“would like / love / prefer / hate”之后要用不定式。
例如：I’d hate to stay with them now.
我现在不愿意和他们呆在一起。
7. You can have one bag each. 你们每个人可以带一个旅行包。
此处的“each”是“you”的同位语。
“each”与“every”都有“每个”的意思，其区别在于：
①. “every”只能作定语，修饰单数名词。
例如：Every boy in Class 3 loves basketball.
三班每个男孩都喜欢篮球。
②. “each”既可以作定语，修饰单数名词，又可以单独使用，或和“of”短语连用。
例如：Each boy has his own basketball.
每个男孩都有自己的篮球。
Each has a basketball. 每人都有一只篮球。
Each of the boys has been to Beijing before.
每个男孩都已经去过北京了。
③. 在数量上也有不同。“each”指两个或两个以上的人或物中的“每个”；“every”只能用于谈论三个以上的人或物中的“每个”。
例如：Each of her eyes is big and bright.
她的每只眼睛都又大又亮。（本句中不能用“every”）
Every / Each boy in the room knows him.
房间里的每个男孩都认识他。
④. 在意思有时也有区别。“each”多指个别概念，即一个一个地做某事；“every”指整体概念，相当于“all”。
试比较：Each of you may come at a different time.
各人可以在不同的时间来。
He has read every book / all the books in the reading room. 他读完了阅览室里的每一本书（所有的书）。
⑤. “every”与“not”连用表示部分否定；“each”一般不和“not”连用，表示“each”的全部否定可以用“neither”(用于否定两个人或物)；“no one”或“none”(用于否定三个及其以上的人或物)。
试比较：Every man can do the job. 每个人都能做这件工作。
Not every man can do the work.
并不是每个人都能做这工作。
Each of the boys is clever. 每个男孩都聪明。
None of the boys is clever. 每个男孩都不聪明。
⑥. “each”可以作同位语，“every”则不能。
例如：They each wrote down the sentence.
他们每个人都记下了这个句子。
8. She tried not to worry. 她尽力不去担心。
否定不定式动作，须在不定式前加“not”，形成“not to do something”的结构。
例如：The boss told him not to talk in the office.
老板叫他不要在办公室讲话。
9.
He’s coming round to get her
quite soon.
他很快就会过来接她的。
“come round”意思为“过来”、“来访”。
例如：Please come round and have supper. 请过来吃晚饭。
同义词组有“come over”。
例如：Please come over to my house. 请到我家来。
10. He’ll be here in a minute. 他一会儿就到这里来。
“in a minute”＝“in a moment”.
意思为“一会儿”、“立刻（soon）”。
例如：Dinner will be ready in a minute. 饭马上就准备好。
11.
Just then there was a knock on
the door.
就在那时，响起了敲门声。
“knock”既可以用作动词，又可以用作名词。作“敲门（窗子等）”时是不及物动词，后接介词“on”或“at”。
例如：He went upstairs and knocked at the door.
他走上楼去敲门。
There is
somebody knocking on the window.
有人在敲窗子。
作名词时也可以接“on”或“at”。
例如：They both heard the loud knock on the door.
他们两都听到了那声响亮的敲门声。
12. Oh，that must be Ling Feng now! 噢，这一定是凌峰。
此处的“must”意思为“必定”、“准是”，用于推测，表示我们对某事确有把握，有很大可能性。
例如：Your sister must be a good student，she studies late every night. 你妹妹一定是个好学生，她每天都学习得很晚。
但要注意：“must”在用于推测时，一般用于肯定句，在否定句和疑问句中要用“can”。
例如：Can he be here in five minutes? 他五分钟后能到吗？
The door is still closed，Tom can’t be at home.
门还关着，汤姆不可能回来了。
13.
Do you know what time their
plane leaves Beijing?
你知道他们的飞机什么时候离开北京？
这是一个由“what”引导的宾语从句，“what time”充当从句的连词。很多从句之后可以由“that”引导一个从句作宾语也可以由“what，who，whom，which”等连接代词和“when，where，how，why”等连接副词以及连词“whether，if”等来引导。“that”同其它连词引导的宾语从句不同之处在于：“that”在句字中只起连接作用，没有意义，也不在从句中充当成份，“that”在句中常常可以省略。
例如：I think (that) he is a good student. 我认为他是个好学生。
Who told you (that) I failed in the examination?
谁告诉你我考试不及格的？
I didn’t know (that) he was late again. I’ll talk to him.
我不知道他又迟到了。我会跟他谈谈的。
而（wh）连词在宾语从句中既起引导从句作用，又在从句中充当一个成分，表达了一定的语意，因此不能省略。
例如：The shopkeeper asked me what I wanted.
店主问我需要什么。（what在从句中充当wanted的宾语）
Nobody knows where he was born.
没有人知道他是在哪儿出生的。（where在从句中作地点状语）
We don’t know who will teach us English.
我们不知道谁将教我们英语。（who在从句中作主语）
在运用宾语从句时要注意：
①. 从句的时态要和主句时态相呼应。如果主句时态用过去时，则从句一般也要用过去的相关时态。
例如：He knew that he made lots of mistakes in the exam just after it. (句中用“made”不能用“make”)
他考试刚结束就知道他做错了很多。
②. “that”不能和其它连词重复使用。
试比较：Can you tell me that what time it is? (false)
Can you tell me what time it is? (true)
你能告诉我几点了吗？
③. 宾语从句的从句部分要用陈述句序。
试比较：Please tell me how can I get to the nearest post office. (false)
Please tell me how I can get to the nearest post office. (true) 请告诉我怎样去最近的邮局。
14.
I think the plane’s going to
take off in a moment.
我想飞机马上就要起飞了。
此处的“take off”是不及物动词，意思为“（飞机）起飞）。
例如：The plane took off half an hour later than before this morning.
今天早上飞机起飞比以前晚了半个小时。
“take off”也可以作及物动词，意思是“脱掉（衣服等）”。
例如：Take off your raincoat before coming into the room.
在进入房间之前先脱掉雨衣。
【同步练习】
一. 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. factory _________
2. zoo _________
3. potato _________
4. life _________
5. sheep _________
6. foot _________
7. radio _________
8. shelf _________
9. monkey _________
10. toy _________
11. child _________
12. baby _________
二. 词组翻译：
1. 专程来拜访某人 __________________
2. 生孩子 __________________
3. 和某人开个玩笑 __________________
4. 处理，处置 __________________
5. 从牛身上的到牛奶和牛肉 __________________
6. 进展顺利/不顺利 __________________
7. 尽可能早 __________________
8. 听说那条新闻 __________________
9. 发生障碍/紊乱 __________________
10. 团员中的一半 __________________
三. 介词填空：
1. We haven't seen each other __________ five years.
2. He hasn't played his water-pistol __________ 1990.
3. Grandpa had some lovely presents __________ me，__________ his best wishes.
4. Sue wants a big bunch __________ flowers.
5. My birthday was the day __________ yesterday.
6. Many happy returns __________ the day!
7. Look! There's a donkey walking __________ the road.
8. Suddenly one __________ the bags fell __________ the truck and landed __________ the middle of the road.
9. The baby was having a ride __________ his pram at this time yesterday morning.
10. Be polite __________ others，will you?
11. I can see a horse eat grass __________ the field from here.
12. What were you doing when Helen called __________ see you last week? I was __________ the greengrocer's.
13. He came in __________ a smile __________ his face.
14. How did you travel? We travelled __________ air.
15. What do you mean __________ the word "stupid"? It's another way __________ saying "foolish".
16. It's difficult __________ them to study English because they aren't interested __________ it.
17. It's nice __________ you to take him __________ hospital.
18. These cakes taste __________ cement.
19. Go __________ the stationers and get some stationery.
20. Do scientists always count __________ their fingers.
【答案与提示】
一．
1. factories
2. zoos
3. potatoes
4. lives
5. sheep
6. feet
7. radios
8. shelves
9. monkeys
10. toys
11. children
12. babies
二．
1. come to visit somebody
2. have a baby
3. play a joke with somebody
4. do with
5. get milk and beef from cows
6. go well / badly
7. as early as possible
8. hear of that piece of news
9. out of order
10. half (of) the League members
三．
1. for
2. since
3. for，with
4. of
5. before
6. of
7. along / across
8. of，off，in
9. in
10. to
11. in
12. to，at
13. with，on
14. by
15. by，of
16. for，in
17. of，to
18. like
19. to
20. on