第四章 阅读理解
[题型分析]
阅读理解能力是获取知识和信息的最基本的能力，是培养自学能力，为将来继续学习和运用英语打好基础的关键。阅读是一个人语言能力的重要方面，和听一样是一种输入。在中国缺少英语语言环境的条件下学习英语，阅读是最主要也是最经济最容易的学习方式。通过阅读，能巩固所学单词、语法、句型，获取知识信息，了解英语国家习俗、文化和加深对其它相关学科的理解、了解国际国内重大时事，提高听、说、读、写能力，扩大知识面，培养语感，达到综合运用英语的各项能力的目的。
近6年来在中考英语中，阅读理解占全卷总分值的1/4。可见其重要性。
阅读理解的考查在历年“中考考试说明“中有很好的诠释：
1、 考查英语理解能力，包括：
⑴直接理解能力；
⑵间接理解能力；
⑶综合分析能力。
2、题型主要分为三类：
⑴阅读短文后判断正误（多属直接理解）；
⑵根据短文内容选择正确答案（含直接、间接、综合分析）；
⑶根据短文内容回答回答问题或完形填空。[对文章内容（词、句、篇细节）综合理解，推理、判断、属精读范畴]
3、题型与设题特点
一般有三篇短文：
A篇正误判断，B、C篇选择最佳答案。各5道题。设题有五种类型：
⑴直接理解，属客观性试题，在文中可直接找到答案。多与文章的主要细节有关，如考查六个W的问题（what、 who、 where、 how、 why、 when）。少数题出题时与文中句子经词义转换会有所不同，但仍然是考查具体事实和细节。
⑵转换理解题
考查词、词组、句子的同义、近义转换，文中时间、年代等数字的换算。
⑶词语释义和猜测
要求考生对划线的某个词、词组、句子的意义做出解释或猜测。多半是“旧词新义”（在具体上下文中的含义，对未学过的词根据对文章的理解做出合理的推测。
⑷归纳概括题，要求考生对文章的段落大意、主题、标题进行概括和总结，有时文中找不到主题句要通过理解全文，把握文中关键词和具体信息后总结概括。
⑸推理判断题
和（4）归纳概括题同属深层理解题，带有主观性，与考生所具备的常识，经验相联系，从字面上难以找到答案。必须透过文章的表面含义，深刻理解原文，从字里行间找出作者的言外之义，结合已有的常识和经验，以及相关学科的知识，做出合理推断。通过慎密、认真的阅读，找出隐含意义、作者暗示、如语气、态度等。
归纳概括和推理判断通常的设题方式是：
1. The story (text) tells us
2. The writer wants to tell us
3. The best title(标题) of the passage should be
4. According to the text/passage, we know
5. Maybe the whole passage/text is taken from
6. From the passage/text, we know
7. From the last paragraph(段落)we know that
8. We can learn form the passage that
9. From the story we know that
10. The main idea of the passage is that
11. The writer of this passage wants to
12. Sb must be a man/woman/boy who
[变化趋势]
近几年来阅读理解表面上从回答问题型转移成考正误判断和选择填空两种主要题型。2003题昆明市还加考了完形填空。实质上认真分析这些题，无论从选材到设题都出现了新的变化，体现出如下特点：
1．材选材广泛
题材体裁丰富，涵盖了现代社会生活的方方面面。如重大时事，风土人情，人文景观，地理气候、公共道德、环境交通、邻理关系、幽默故事、新闻时事等。体裁上兼顾故事性、说明性和应用性各类文体。
2．内容贴近生活，富有时代气息和教育意义。
3．设题灵活新颖，深层理解考查增加。
有传统的正误判断题，有看图识图题、有完形填空题、尤其是2003年各地阅读题中推理判断和归纳概括题有上升的趋势。
[解题思路]
以下举例说明各种阅读题型的解法。
一、正误判断题：
A（98、云南）
There are about 5,000 different languages. Nearly 900 languages are spoken in India.
Chinese is the language spoken by the most number of people in the world. But the mast widely spoken language in the world is English. 330,000,000 people speak English as the first language. Nearly twice as many about 650 million people speak it as a foreign language. Travellers and business people all over the world use English. It is one of the most important languages in the world. And it is getting more and more popular.
How many words are there in the English language? There are about 490,000. Also, there are about 300,000 words used in science. There are more words in English than in any other language. But most people use no more than 60,000 words.
Children leaving school at the age of 16 know about 15,000 words.
根据短文内容、判断以下句子的正误。对的在括号内填“T”、错的填“F”。(10 分)
( ) 1. English is most widely used while Chinese is spoken by the largest number of people in the world.
( )2. Three hundred and thirty million people speak English as their second language.
( )3. English is very popular with travellers and business people all over the world!
( )4. Of all the languages English has the most words.
( )5. Sixteen-year-old school leavers know about fifty thousand English words.
本篇属说明文（科普类）文体。所设的5个判断题中1是直接理解题、根据文中第2、3行可判断1句正确。第3题也是直接理解题、文中第4行“…use English” 和题中“English is very popular with”实质上同义。3题正确。第2、5题属转换理解题、即将文中的数字330、000、000和15、000转换成英语Three hundred and thirty million和fifty thousand, at the age of 16转换同义短语sixteen-year-old。从文中第3行…speak English as the first language可判断2题错误、题中是“as the second language”第5题题目和文中最后一句相符、正确、第4句“在所有语言中英语词汇最多”、属词义转换加推理判断题。文中提供具体数字“大约490,000”, 还有”There are more words in English than in any other language”(英语中的词汇比任何其它语言多)、实质上该句是用比较的形式表最高的意义、和第4句题目意义相同、另根据常识经验可知、四十九万远远超过母语汉语的词汇量。所以第4句正确。全文答案是1T 2F 3T 4T 5T
B (2003,云南)
Laptop computers (手提电脑) are popular all over the world. People use them on trains and planes, in airports and hotels. These laptops connect people to their workplaces. In the United States today, laptops also connect students to their classrooms.
Westlake College in Virginia (弗吉尼亚) will start a program, which makes it possible for students to do their schoolwork anywhere they want. During five years, each of the 1,500 students at the university will have a laptop. The laptops will connect with the Internet. So the students will be able to use e-mail to "speak" with their teachers, their classmates and their families. And the most important part of the laptop program is that the students will be able to use computers without going to computer rooms. They can work with computers at home, in a fast - food restaurant or under the tree- anywhere they want!
Because of many changes in computer technology, laptops are very useful in higher education. And as laptops are becoming better and better, they will be able to work as well as desktop computers (台式电脑). What's more, laptops, which can be carried around easily, can connect students to not only Internet, but also libraries and other places. Experts am studying how laptops can help students. They also want to see how the program is working at other universities.
At Westlake College, more than 60 percent of the people working there use computers. The laptops will allow all the teachers to use computers in their lessons. As one Westlake teacher said, "Here we are in the middle of Virginia and we're giving students a window on the world. They can see everything and do everything."
( ) 1The laptop program __
A. will give 1,500 computers to the teachers at Westlake College
B. will connect Westlake College to the airports and hotels
C. will allow students to do their schoolwork anywhere they want
D. will make students always stay in their classrooms
( ) 2With the changes in computer technology
A. people don't use desktops any more
B. people don't use laptops any more
C. people find laptops more useful
D. people find desktops more useful
( ) 3Which of the following is true? __
A. Students have to go to computer rooms to use laptops
B. Americans am studying how to connect students to their classrooms by laptops
C. Westlake College is the only university which uses laptops
D. The laptop program started five years ago
( ) 4From the last paragraph (段落), we know that __
A. the teachers in Westlake are opening classroom windows for the students
B. only students are using computers in their lessons at Westlake College
C. students may begin to travel all over the world from the middle of Virginia
D. students can get information from around the world by using computers
( ) 5The underlined words ,higher education" means __
A. education at the university.
B. education in the middle school
C. education in the US
D. education in the computer rooms
[解析]
本文是说明文、1——3题属直接理解（细节事实）题、第4题推理判断题、第5题是词语释义（猜测）题。第1小题根据二段1行、“Which makes it possible for students to do their homework anywhere they want.”和2,3行,“…each of the 1,5000 students at the university will have a laptop.”可知C项正确答案。
第2小题是直接理解题、根据第三段第1行、题目C项“随着计算机科技的变化、人们发现手提电脑更有用”和文中“Because of many changes in computer technology, laptops are very useful in higher education,”意义相符、虽稍有变化、但整个第三段都是在讲计算机（手提电脑）的优势和用途。该句子也是本段的主题句、全段围绕“useful”这一关键词来展开。正确选项是C。
第3小题虽属直接理解题、但要理解全文、逐一排出。A项学生必须去计算机室使用手提电脑和第二段…that the students will be able to use computers without going to computer rooms.”一句中划线部分不符。B项“美国人正在研究如何通过手提电脑将学生和教室连接起来”与第一段最行一行和第二段第3——4行“已经投入使用、而不是正在职研究“、排除B项。C项“westlake college是唯一使用手提电脑的大学”、虽然文中没有明确这样说、但第一段最后一句“In the United States today , laptops also connect students to their classrooms.以及第四段最后一句…how the program is waking at other universities”暗示不仅仅只有Westlake Collage (西湖大学)一所。可排除C项。D项“手提电脑项目开始于5年前”、在第二段第1第2行有明显提示：“…start a program” 和“During five years ”等关键词、可知本题D项是正确选项。
第4小题是推断题。根据第二段“The laptops will connect with the Internet”和第三段第3、4行“connect students to not only Internet, but also libraries and other places”以及最后一段最后两句“giving students a window on the world. They can see everything and do everything.”等关键词可推断D项为正确答案。
第5小题属猜词题：从字面意义上higher education是（更高等的）教育以及文中Westlake College及本段最后一句中提到other universities 可知划线部分是A项“大学教育”。全文答案是：1.C 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A
C.(98、云南)
Young Tommy, aged seven, spent most of his time with a pencil, drawing the world as he saw it. When his mother took him to a park, he did not want to play games with the other children. He just wanted to draw pictures. His father was quite worried.
"I don't want Tommy to spend his whole life drawing. "he said.
"Why not? his mother said. "some people do. Think about all the famous artists, Rembrandt, Gaugin, Van Gogh. Their interest in life was their art."
"Huh? Tommy's father said. "They had talent (天赋). Tommy just draws. ”
"He's young yet,' his mother didn't agree. "he'll get better. I think he's already showing a lot of ability (能力)
“If he's so good,” his father said, “maybe we’d better find him d teacher. Then he'll learn how to draw well.”
A week later, Tommy had his first lesson with his art teacher.
"Now Tommy," the art teacher said, "I want you to draw a picture of someone important to you."
Tommy began to draw very carefully, making sure every line was just where he wanted it.
"What are you drawing a picture of? the art teacher asked.
"God." Tommy said.
"But no one knows what God looks like. "the teacher said.
"They will when I've finished. "Tommy answered.
( ) 1. Tommy . drawing the world when he was __
A. liked, six B. wanted, seven
C. enjoyed, seven D. started, seven
( ) .2. Tommy's mother thought Tommy
A. was ill B. had no talent
C. was better than Remebrandt D. might be famous one day
( ). 3. The parents so that he was able to &aw better.
A. found him an art teacher B. took him to the park
C. found him a good teacher D. bought him some new pencils
( ) .4. The teacher was surprised when he found Tommy was drawing a picture of God because
A. Tommy's picture was good
B. no one could know how to draw God
C. it was a good beginning
D. Tommy finished his picture quickly
( ) 5. Why did Tommy want to draw a picture of God?
A. He wanted to laugh at the teacher.
B. He had seen God
C. Even he himself didn't know why.
D. He could let the people know what God looked like.
[解析]本篇属故事类文章。第1、3题均属直接理解细节题,2属转换理解题4、5题属推理判断题。第1小题考查“汤米几岁时 画画”、并间接考查like、 enjoy、 want和start等词辨析。文中第1句aged seven 和…spent most of his time …, drawing the world以及整个第一段内容、可知该题选择C项。B项want 不接ing形式,D项不合文章内容。
第2小题，“汤米的母亲认为她 ”,根据文章第5行、第8行汤米母亲的话可容易地排除A、B、C项，正确答案是D项“将来某一天他会成名。”文中未直接提到、但第5行“为什么他（终身以画为职业）呢？有些人这样做,不妨想一想那些著名艺术家……他们生活的兴趣在于艺术”和第8行：“他会做得更好、我认为他正在展示出才能”暗示母亲认为他将来会出名。
第3小题、根据第10行、11行判断正确答案是A项（给他找一位艺术老师）。
第4小题设题巧妙，虽然文中直接提到艺术老师吃惊，但可从老师的话：“没人知道上帝像什么样”推断出，因此问为什么老师看到他画了一幅上帝的画像时自然该选择B项，没人知道怎样画上帝。
第5小题“问为什么汤米要画上帝的画像？”文中也没有直接说明需要把握全文内容、仔细推敲。7岁的小汤米大部分时间画画，父母对他是否有艺术天才进行争论，因为母亲自认为他能出名，给他找了艺术老师，第一次上课叫他画他心目中重要的人，他就画了上帝。但上帝是什么样，天知道。文章充满讽刺意味，虽然汤米说“当我画完人们就知道（上帝像什么样。）”实际上汤米本人也不可能知道上帝是什么样。这里还需结合生活常识：上帝是不存在的来进行推断。本题正确答案是C。全文答案是：1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C。
D．(2003, 云南 )
One afternoon, Tim, my son, came home from school with a puzzled look .I asked him what was the matter and he said, "Are all the people the same even though their skin (皮肤) colours are different?" I thought for a moment, then said, "I’ll explain." I put apples of different colours on the table: first a red apple, then a green apple and at last a yellow apple. I looked at Tim.
“Tim, people are just like apples. They come in all different colours, shapes and sizes. See, some of the apples have been bumped (碰撞) and bruised (擦伤). On the outside, they may not even look as delicious as the others”. As I was talking was checking each apple carefully.
Then, I took each of the apples and peeled (削) them, putting them back on the table, but in a different place.
“OK, Tim, tell me which one is the red apple, the green apple and the yellow apple”.
Tim said, "I can't. They all look the same now."
"Now taste each of them. See if that helps you find out which one is which.
Tim did so, and then a big smile came ac. loss his thce. "People are just like apples! are all different, but if you take off the outside, they're quite the same inside."
Now I see Tim has already understood me and I don't need to say or do anything else.
From then on, when I help myself to an apple, it tastes a little sweeter than before.
What wonderful food for thought！
（ ）1.To answer Tim's question, his mother did the following things EXCEPT .
A. buy some apples of different colours
B. tell Tim to check the apples
C. peel the apples
D. tell Tim to taste the apples
( )2.The underlined sentence "On the outside they may nto even look as delicious as the others." means that
A. all the apples look the same
B. not all the apples look the same
C. some apples are more delicious
D. some apples seem less delicious because they look less beautiful.
( )3.Which of the following is true? __
A. Tim's mother answered his question as soon as she heard it
B. Tim found the answer with his mother's help
C. Tim's mother told him more about people's skin colours later
D. Tim could tell which apple is which after his mother peeled them
( )4.In the end, Tim understood that
A. outside is as important as inside
B. outside is more important than inside
C. people are basically (基本地) different just like apples.
D. people are basically the same, just like apples
（ ）5.From the passage, we know that __
A. Tim's mother likes apples better now
B. Tim finds apples are sweeter now
C.Tim's mother is pleased because Tim understands what she wants to say
D.when you are thinking, you'd better eat some apples
[解析]
本篇属故事性文章、内容生动有趣、易于读懂、但题设计巧妙、除第1、2、4较直接外、其余两题均要认真把握文章内容、仔细推敲、方能找出正确答案。
第1小题是直接理解性细节题、但要特别注意题目中大写的“Except”,为了回答Tim的问题、他母亲除了下面哪一样没做其它都做了。”这种题型在未看懂题目的前提下易错选B、C、D其中一项。读文章时可用笔在题中标序号或划线以避免遗漏重要细节。如在第2段中checking each apple carefully 傍标①、第3段peel them上标②、倒数第6行“Now taste each of them”上标③、即可知道B、C、D三个细节他母亲都做了、正确选项应是A。
第2小题要理解划线的句子需充分理解上文：“有些苹果被碰撞或擦伤”、即可理解划线部分：“从外表看、碰撞或擦伤过的苹果看起没有其它（未被碰撞或擦伤的苹果）好吃”、于是得出该题应选D。（一些苹果看起来不好吃、是因为（其外表）看上去不太美观）。这样的题做的时候还要细心辨别每个选项、对照和所给句子的异同。第3小题是判断题、要在全面把握全文大意的基础逐一排除错误答案。A项：Tim的母亲一听到问题就马上回答、从文得知、该项不符合文意；B项：“Tim在母亲的帮助下找到答案、正是通过整个故事中Tim的母亲把苹果和人相比让Tim自己得出答案。C项未提及。D项就事论事、易误选。正确答案是B。
第4小题考查全文的结论、即文章的中心思想和该故事的目的。文中倒数4、5项Tim通过比较削了皮的苹果的味道后得出结论：“人就像苹果一样！他们外表是不一样的、但如果拿掉外表、他们的里边也是一样的。”正确理解全文和这句话、才能找出D项是正确答案（人基本上是一样的、就像苹果。）本题易错选C。
第5小题是推理判断题。文中提到“Now I see Tim has already understood she wants to say”、同时文章最后两句：“每当吃苹果时味道比以前甜、多美的思想食物”暗示出Tim的母亲的心情是高兴的。B项最易错选。这样的文章虽然是个幽默的故事、却讲述了深刻的人生道理。就像寓言故事一样、要透过字母意义、仔细揣摸它的隐含意义。文中人物的一举一动甚至面部表情，都关系着对文章的正确理解。文如文章的开头，Tim放学回来时一脸迷惑不解的表情(a puzzled look on his face)和文章后部and then a big smile came across his face （脸上露出微笑）形成鲜明的对比，以及的Tim 母亲觉得苹果比往常甜（sweet than before）wonderful food for thought (思想的美餐)等等无一不在表达出作者的情感、语气、态度。 阅读是一定要认真思考，细心揣摸、推敲。
全文正确答案是：1.A 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. C
第五章 补全对话和书面表达
〖题型分析〗
分析近六年书面表达式题，都是一面题作文或半开放式命题作文形式（写对话或短文），考查学生用英语进行真实情感表达的书面综合运用能力。书面表达的总体要求基本相同：
⑴、字数50-80个词左右；
⑵、如写对话，要求双方一问一答不少于五项；
⑶、如写短文，一般要求不少于十句；
⑷、要求书写规范，表达准确，意思连贯，内容切题。语言流畅，卷面整洁，文中不得使用真实校名、人名。
不论是命题作文还是半开放命题作文（补全题目句子），都以文字形式提供信息和要求。话题内容涉及学生学习生活、家庭、学校、家乡、爱好、运动、自信、责任感等。有的提供一个话题，学生可选择写对话或短文；有的提供两个话题，即可写短文又可写对话；有的却明确规定只可写对话或写短文。
补全对话
近年所考该题型多为“单词填空式补全对话”（99.2000昆明，2001.2003玉溪）和选择句子补全对话（2001.2003玉溪）两种。无论是哪种题型都是用书面形式考查学生口头交际表达能力，对日常交际用语、英语习惯用语的掌握和运用能力。是一种尝试性的新题型。
尤其是“单词填空补全对话”综合性较强，既要求学生作为日常交际用语，还要求学生将单词拼写正确，答案是唯一的。如果对上下文语境和具体语境中的日常交际用语把握不准确，单词拼写的基本功差，根本无从下笔。“选择句子补全对话”相对容易些。一般是给出五或六个备选项（五选四、六选五）。昆明市考过两次是针对不加试英语口语的县区，旨在通过书面形式考查学生对英语习惯表达和日常交际用语的综合运用能力。
〖解题思路〗
例1、（单词填空补全对话99、昆明）
A: Hello! Doctor, I’m not feeling very well.
B: What’s the ___1___ ?
A: I often feel ___2___ . If I work in the garden, I have to sit down and rest ___3___ five minutes.
B: ___4__ nothing much wrong with you, but you have a problem: you’re __5__ too much.
A: You mean I eat too much food.
B: What’s more, you __6__ take enough exercise, so you are a little __7__ fat.
A: How __8__ thinner, can you tell me?
B: Do more exercise.
A: What __9__ can I do?
B: Have a lot fruit and vegetables instead of your __10__ .
A: I see. Thank you very much.
[解析]单词填空补全对话是在对话的语境中考查单词的识记、拼写、运用和对话交际的记忆和运用能力。要在把握整个对话内容的基础上逐一进行分析，将考点与所学知识点（交际用语、词汇及其正确拼写、运用）等一一 对应，然后进行正确等完形填空，使得所填词语符合上下文语篇情景。它不象选择题那样还有猜测和估计的成份。所以该题型归入书面表达。
该段对话系病人和医生间看病时的交际用语，如I’m not feeling very well. What’s the matter? (There is ) nothing much wrong with you 等。 由此可推断1空填matter, 4空填there’s。第2空从后文 “have to sit down and rest”可知，一干活就累填tired ,而不是ill，第3空要结合上文“病人觉得不舒服，一干活就容易疲劳” 推断出该空时间段而是每次干五分钟活就要坐下休息，因而填every。当 every和数量词连用时是“每隔”之意；第5空从下一句中等到暗示，填eating ,用进行时。第6空结合下文“有点发胖、多运动”，反推病人运动量不够，该填否定词don’ t；第7空较难，发胖不是一件好事，前边又有a little修饰，要用含贬义的词too。第8空根据上文自然是减肥、变瘦，用be或get;第9空病人问医生“我还能做点别的什么吗？”（除多运动外），所以填else，该词常放在？问代词或副词后。第10空“医生建议病人多吃蔬菜水果而少吃别的食物”，自然要填meals。全文中3、7、9、10等空难度较大，一定要理解全段语篇具体情景，综合考虑，番能填出正确答案。
例2、（2003、昆明）选择句子补全对话
Tina: What are your favourit sports?
Bell: Well, __5__ .
Tina: Now, tell me what you like to eat?
Ben: Err.I like fish and eggs. But __6__ any meat.
Tina: __7__ ?
Ben: Oh, yes. I love vegetables.
Tina: Do you drink wine ?
Ben: No, I never drink wine or coffee. __8___ .
Tina: __9__ ?
Ben: I drink a lot of milk. It’s very good for health.
A. Do you eat a lot of vegetables
B. What do you drink, then.
C. They’re very good for me.
D. Swimming and running.
E. I don’t eat.
F. They’re very bad for me.
[解析]
选择句子补全对话是昆明市在不考口试的县区加试的题型,实质上是以书面形式考查学生口头交际能力语言运用能力及交际话题中习惯用法表达等。
本题考查结合饮食、运动，谈论自己的爱好。第1空前文问：你最喜欢的运动是什么？自然填D。swimming and running。第2空前文问你喜欢吃什么？接着回答：“我喜欢吃鱼和鸡蛋”，But和any两词暗示下文否定“不喜欢吃肉”，所以填E句：I don’t eat.第3空，下文回答“我喜欢蔬菜”可推出上文
问：“你喜欢吃蔬菜吗？”所以第3空选A句。第4空前文说：“我从不喝酒”，“它们对身体有害”，，和下文“喝牛奶对身体有好处”相呼应，所以该空选F句。第5空从答语“我喜欢喝牛奶”可知这里是问，“那么，你喜欢喝什么？”，所以选B句。整段对话正确答案是：1、D 2、E 3、A 4、F 5、B 。
例3 （2003年玉溪）
Wei Hua:Hi ,Jim, May I come in?
Jim: Hi! Wei Hua. Yes, come __1__ , please.
Wei Hua: You don’t look very well. What’s the __2__ ?
Jim: __3__ head hurts and I feel really hot.
Wei Hua : Oh, dear! __4__ don’t you go to bed for a rest?
Jim: I can’t. I will play table tennis with our PE teacher this afternoon.
Wei Hua: Shall I call him and tell him __5__ are ill?
Jim: Oh, yes ,please. His __6__ is in the phone book.
Wei Hua: OK, I’ll do that. I’m going to the shop now, Can I get you some __7__ ?
Jim: Yes. Would you buy me a box of QUIKE(快克), please?
Wei Hua: Yes, of course. Is there anything __8__ ?
Jim: No, Thank for your__9__.
Wei Hua: __10__ you later.
[解析]1空由上文问句May I come in 得知,填in。2空从前You don’t look very well推断出matter或trouble。3空自然填 my。4空结合下文要填why。 5空根据下文填you。6空从下文in the phone book和上文Shall I call him推断出填number。7空结合前文吉姆生病的情况可知填medicine。8空Wei Hua 问吉姆还要买别的什么东西，填else。9空吉姆对魏华的帮助表示感谢，填help。 10空系告别用语，填see。
综观整篇对话，出考查上下文逻辑关系和语境用词外，涉及交际功能中表示问候、告别、打电话、购物、请求、劝告、感谢等常用句型， 如：What’s the matter/trouble? Why don’t you…. May head hurts… Can I get you some medicine? Is there anything else. Thanks for your help. See you later等等。 可见补全对话题中的情景交际功能项目的准确把握是解题的关键。
例4．（2003、云南）
你将来可能会很富有，请你就以下题目用英语表述你一旦富有后， 你将如何帮助他人。
If I have a lot of money, I will…
要求：
⑴ 根据所给题目写一篇短问或对话， 分值相等；
⑵ 写短问文： 字数不少于60个；
⑶ 写对话： 与一位知心朋友交谈，表述自己拥有财富后如何帮助他人，双方对话不少于5项；
⑷．抒发真情实感，词语连贯正确，语言流畅，书写规范。卷面整洁。 文中不得用真实姓名、校名，否则以零分记。
[解析]
本题属于半开放式命题作文，需要学生认真审题，正确构思，并补全题目，从自己熟悉的易于表达的方面去发挥。这类半开放式命题作文已考过,如：“Mum, I would like to tell you….”,I hope…. What can I do for…等 实质上在要求中已明确暗示应该如何补全或从哪些方面去发挥。如本例中要求2项已说明“自己拥有财富后如何帮助他人”。提示考生不是有钱后自己去买什么，享受什么，而是“如何帮助他人”。
如果写成对话， 可从以下几方面构思：
1）、与一位 知心朋友交谈，设计应该问的问题：
If you have a lot of money , what are you going to do ?
回答自己打算做什么：
A. do what you would like to do: travel\have \make a visit to… to study
B.to study abroad,to buy some thing\presents \house for parents…
C. to help the poor, the weak , the old, the ill …
D. to give some money to the Hope Project, to help the children who can’t go to school;
E. to help the children to learn knowledge, to make contributions for the country\to make my\ their dream(s) come true …
2)、问对方打算做什么？
3）、不宜用汉语思维，不宜过多发挥想象，导致自己无法表达的没好语言，要尽量用自己学过的词组和日常套语：That’s great! It sounds great! What about you? Is that all? What are you going to do… I’ll… help the old\ the poor and the sick, make (a ) countribution(s ) for ,make efforts to let\ make our dream come true….
4)、尽量包括 提示中内容、 词数、句子和项目要求。
参考范文：（对话）
A: Hi, Jim, If you have a lot of money, what are you going to do?
B: Well, I can do many things. I’ll buy what I want, I’ll visit many interesting places, study abroad and build a big house for my parents.
A: (That’s a)Good idea! But is that all?
B: I’ll help many people to make their dream come true.
A: (That )Sounds great. But who?
B: I’ ll help the poor、the old、and the sick.
A: Yes, many people needs help. A lot of poor children can’t go to school.
B: I’ll build a “Hope School” for the poor children.
A: That’s great! If the poor children can go to school, they change themselves with the knowledge.
B: That’s a great dream! Let’s work hard to make contributions to our country.
短文：
If I have a lot of money, I’ll do many important things. I’ll help the old. I’ll help the poor and the sick. Besides, I’ll help the poor children. The dream of the poor children will come true. They can study in beautiful schools. They can change themselves with the knowledge. They can change the world around. What’s more, I’ll buy a big house for my parents. I’m going to help a lot of people to enjoy their lives.
All in all, I can do many wonderful things and make contribution to our contribution to our country.
[原题精选]
(98,云南)
1）、写对话：Inviting Your Friend to the Cinema
提示： 有一部好影片正在上映， 你买了两张明天晚上（星期六）的电影票。请你写一篇邀请你的朋友Li Lei和 你一起去中看这部电影片的对话。
Meeting time: 8:00
Meeting Place: At the gate of the cinema
Film: Zhou Enlai(周恩来)
要求：按提示内容回答，表述完整、正确，提问不少于五项内容。
2）、作文： A Free Day
要求： 写10个意思连贯、表达正确、语言流畅的句子，描述在学习之余有意义的活动。
B（1999、云南)
注意：
考生可任选所给题目的其中一篇进行表达、分值相等。
(1)写对话：A Talk Between You And Your Mother About Your Ideas
(Please say something to your mother about what you are going to do, your study and your holiday.)
Mum: Tom, you have finished your three-year study. What are you going to do?
Tom：
要求:
按提内容回答、表述完整、正确、提问不少于五项内容。
（2）作文：Mum, I Would Like To Tell You…
要求：
写10个意思连贯、表达正确、语言流畅的句子、把你的心理话告诉你妈妈。
C（2000、云南）
注意：
①考生可任选二题进行表达、分值相等。②作文中不得使用真实姓名和校名。
(1)写对话：My Favourite
要求：
写篇对话、与你的朋友谈你喜爱的…、双方对话各不少于5项。
(2)作文：Everyone Needs Help
你愿意帮助别人吗？你曾经帮助过别人或得到过别人的帮助吗？请记述你的一次经历或感受。
要求：写10个意思连贯、表达正确、语言流畅的句子。
D（2000、玉溪）
注意：
考生只需选择所给两个题目的其中之一进行表达、分值相等。
（1） 写对话：A Dialogue About My English Teacher Between My Father And Me
提示：
My father(A)asks me(B) something about my English teacher.
要求：问答表述完整、提问不少于五项内容。
（2） 作文：Our Classroom
要求：
写10个描写教室的句子、意思连贯、表达正确、语言流畅。
E（2000、曲靖）
注意：考生可任选所给题目中的一篇进行表达、分值相等。
（1） 对话： A Dialogue About Doing Much Homework
提示：
假设王校长向你（Li Lei）了解你们班的家庭作业情况、你回答了他的问题、并谈了自己的观点。
要求：
安提示内容问答、表述完整、正确、提问不少于五项内容。
Wang: Excuse me, may I ask you some question?
Li Lei: Ok, please.
(2)作文：My Homework
提示：
请描述你的家庭作业情况、然后阐述你对作业总的看法。
要求：
写10个意思连贯、表达正确、语言流畅的句子。
F（2001、云南）
I hope…
每个人都有自己的心愿、有自己的希望、有自己想做的事情、例如：“I hope to be a good football player/a singer.”,“I hope that I can make more good friends”等等。请写一篇对话、表达你的意愿。
要求：
（1）写短文、词数不少于50个；
（2） 写对话、与朋友交谈、双方对话各不少于5项。
（3）意思表达连贯正确、语言流畅。文中不得使用真实人名和校名,否则零分计。
G（2001、昆明）
作文： A Day
要求：
写5个意思连贯、表达正确、语言流畅的句子、描述你的一天。
H（2001、玉溪）
题目：A Happy Afternoon At School
要求：
按所给题目写一篇内容切题、表达清楚、大约10个句子的短文。
I（2001、曲靖）
注意：
考生可任选所给题目中的一个进行表达、分值相等。
（1）对话： A Dialogue About Sports
要求：
对话内容表达完整、正确、提问不少于五项内容。
A： Hello!
B： Hello!
(2)作文：Taking Good Care Of Our Classroom
提示：
请描述你身边爱护或不爱护教室（如桌、椅、门、窗等）的现象、然后谈谈你的看法和建议。
要求：
写10个意思连贯、表述正确、语言流畅的句子。
J（2002、云南）
I Love My Hometown
要求：
（1） 根据所给题目、请用英语写一篇短文或对话、分值相等；
（2） 写作文：家乡的春、夏、秋、冬是那么美丽、请你用英语描述家乡的四季。词数不少于50个；
（3） 写对话：与一位外国客人交谈、介绍自己的家乡、双方对话各不少于5项；
（4） 意思表达连贯正确、语言流畅、书写规范、卷面整洁。文中不得使用真实人名或校名、否则以零分计。
K（2003、昆明）
请以Believe Myself, And I Will Win为题、写一篇自己在学习或生活中遇见并战胜困难的一件小事的短文。
注意：
（1）主要内容须包括：
①你遇到了什么困难；
②你是如何克服困难的；
③你从此事中领悟到了什么。
（2）60-80字（8—10）句的短文,要求切合题意、内容完整、表达清楚、书写规范。
参考词汇：overcome v克服、战胜
L（2003、玉溪）
题目：Class Meeting(班会)
要求：
按所给题目写一篇内容切题、表达清楚、大约10个句子的英语短文。
I（2003、曲靖）
要求：
（1）根据所给的两个题目及提示、任选一个作答、用英语写一篇短文或一篇对话、分值相等。
（2）意思表达连贯、语言流畅、书写规范、卷面整洁。
（3）短文词数不少于50个；双方对话各不少于5项。
（4）文中不得使用真实人名或校名、否则以零分计算。
题目一：An Interesting Story
（1） 写短文：请用英语写一件你生活中听到、看到或做过的有趣的事。
（2） 写对话：你（A）与朋友（B）交谈、介绍一件有趣的事。
题目二：What Can I Do For…
（1）写短文：人人都有责任感、作为一名中学生、你能为社会或他人做什么事呢？例如：“What can I do for my teacher/parents…”或者“What can I do for my school/the 2008 Olympic Games…？”
(2)写对话：你（A）与朋友（B）交谈为社会或他们能做些什么事。
第六章 完形填空
[题型分析与解题思路]
完形填空是一种综合性较强的试题、是昆明市2003年新增加的考试题型。一般说来、其难易程度与教材相当。文中留出10个空、每个空提供4个选项、要求从中选出一个最佳答案、填入相应空中、使短文意义完整、合乎逻辑和语法结构。
完形填空旨在测试学生的综合运用语言的能力。因此、要做好完形填空题、不仅要具备一定的词汇、句型和语法知识、而且还要具备阅读理解能力、综合分析能力和综合运用语言知识的实践能力。完形填空从具体的考查知识点看、通常涉及实词（名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词）占60－70％、其他虚词占30－40％。 从选项涉及知识点看可分为同义近义词辨析、习语搭配、上下文语境中词语的正确选择和少量纯粹测试语法等四类。
例1
（2003年昆明）
Erik was a fourteen-year-old boy, He thought he was a young man but his patents didn’t think so. They told him“When you begin to think about 1 other , you’ll be a young man.”
One morning, his parents gave Erik 2 money to buy hamburgers at a store. He saw an old man there. The man looked very 3 . Erik went up to him and found that the old man had lost his money and hadn’t had 4 for his breakfast . Erik took the old man to the nearest restaurant , But the man ordered only a glass of water for 5 . Erik felt sorry for him, so he asked the waiter to 6 the man some bread and a cup of coffee . The old man was so 7 that he ate up all the food very soon . After that , the man told Erik that he would never forget 8 kindness. Erik was very pleased when he heard the old man say ,“You are a very good young man.”
9 their surprise, the food was a present because 10 day was the birthday of the boss.
( ) 1.A.help B. helping C. to help D. helped
( ) 2.A .a few B. few C. some D. many
( ) 3.A. sick B. tired C. happy D. fine
( ) 4.A. something B. anything C. everything D nothing
( ) 5.A. themselves B. herself C. myself D. himself
( ) 6.A. take B. bring C. taking D. bringing
( ) 7.A. full B. worried C. hungry D. sad
( ) 8.A. your B. my C. her D. his
( ) 9.A .For B. To C. At D. On
( ) 10.A .that B. this C. those D. these
[析]本篇完形填空所考查的10个选项涉及动词辨析、非谓语动词用法、不定代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、形容词、和介词等在上下文语境中的具体用法和区别。
抓住首句对全文的主旨大意的提示作用是解完形的第一步。第一句一般不留空,便于理解。同时大多数文章、尤其是科普类文章、首句便是文章的主题句、对全文起着开门见山点明主题或中心思想的统领作用。因此读懂首句、便能轻而易举地把握全文主旨大意、以便更好地理解全文。
本篇首句：“艾力克是个14岁的男孩，他自以为是年轻人了、但他父母亲却不这样想。”父母亲告诉他：“当你考虑（帮助）别人时、你就是个年轻人了”。接着下文讲述艾力克用父母给他买汉堡包的钱为一位老人买早点的故事。老人吃完后夸他说：“你真是一个好样的年轻人。”
文章的结尾性叙述、因为那天是老板的生日、这些食物是老板作为生日礼物免费送的。实质上艾力克想帮助老人却没有帮成。
第二步是：通读全文、了解的意。通过首句的提示作用、加上文中和文尾的关键词句的理解、快速浏览全文、跳过空格、不轻易下笔、把握全文大意后再初定答案。这样才能提高完形填空的准确性。在此过程中还可以凭着语感对考查习语、短语搭配和词义辨析以及上下文语篇的某些空格直接填上自己觉得合理的词语、这样又可以降低阅读和做题的难度。
第三步是：逐空推敲、 细定答案。第1空选项完全是帮助一词的各种形式、因上文think about中介词about后需接动词-ing 形式,B项正确。第2空、后文“钱”是不可数名词，排除修饰可数名词的A、B、D项、选C。第3空“老人看起来很__?___” , 根据下文“had lost his money and hadn’t____ for his breakfast” 可推断出老人是气色不好、生病、而不是疲倦、排除B、C、D。A项正确。第4空根据前文中“had lost his money”可推出这里老没吃什么早点、因前边有否定词hadn’t, 所以填B项anything 。注意这里不能填nothing。除非前边没有否定词。第五空、根据前文和本句句意、这里填D项himself。第六空、艾里克叫服务员给老人带来（端上）面包和一杯咖啡、根据搭配、排除C,D项、根据take和bring的语义辨析、这里要用“带来”（带到说话者身边）、所以用bring 。B项正确。第七空根据后句“…ate up all the food very soon”可知老人饿极了、所以填C项hungry, C项正确。第八项、老人告诉艾里克他绝不会忘记他的（艾里克的）好意、填D项this。第九空考查习语搭配中介词的辨析、to one’s surprise 意为“使他们惊奇的是”、填B项To;第10空根据上下文和本句句意、填指示代词A项that 。
全文正确答案分别是：1 B, 2 C, 3 A ,4 B,5 D, 6 B, 7 C, 8 D, 9 B,10 A.
第四步、复读全文、验证答案。经过以上几步、对文章有了更深刻的理解、此时如果再复读一遍全文、当时难理解的或不明晰的地方就逐渐变得清晰起来、理解不清或错误的空格在这个步骤中得到纠正、最后确定正确答案。
做完形填空切忌在未读懂文意前就一空一空地填下去、如果文中的某个空格仅仅只涉及词汇和词法知识、可能会侥幸碰对、但如果该空涉及上下文具体语义的辨析或具体语境中词义的正确选择、不理解全文大意和上下文中具体语境、就无法保证所填答案的正确率。如本文中的第3、4、5、6、7、8、10等空、撇开具体的上下文、很难确定哪个选项最佳。
答文答案：1——5 BCABD
6——10 BCDBA
总之、完形填空属于综合运用题型、纯粹测试语法的题会逐渐减少。如例1（2003年昆明题）中仅有2题（1空、介词加动词ing形式、2空修饰可数或不可数名词的选择）。词义辨析和习语搭配题结合于上下文词境中词语的正确选择题进行。如上例1中6题、take, bring和9题to one’s surprise。其余绝大多数题都要从语篇中上下文语境考虑。
[完形精练]
A
Every year several thousand people are killed on the road in Great Britain. Between one and tow 1 thousand people are hurt. These people are killed 2 hurt in road accidents.
There 3 rules to make the roads safe , but people don’t obey（遵守）the rules. They are 4 . If everybody obeys the rules, the roads will be 5 safer. How can we make the roads safer?
Remember this rule, In Great Britain traffic keeps 6 the left. Cans \buses and bikes must 7 keep to the left side of the road. In most 8 countries traffic keeps to the right.
Before 9 the road, stop and look both ways . 10 you are sure that the road is clear, it is safe to cross the road .
1.A.hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of
2.A.or B. and C. but D. so
3.A. be B. is C. are D. was
4.A.careful B. careless C. care D. care of
5.A.much B . more C. very D. most
6.A.on B. in C. to D. at
7.A. all B. both C. either D. neither
8.A.other B. another C. the other D. others
9.A.cross B. to cross C. crossing D. crossed
10.A.If B. Unless C. Though D. Although
B
No one knows about how or when these people learn about growing food. But when they did, their 1 changed, they did not have to 2 food any more . They could stay at one place and grow it .
People began to live 3 each other. And so the first village was formed(形成). 4 people came to work in the villages.
When machines appeared, (出现)life in the villages 5 again . Factories 6 . More and more people lived near the 7 . Cities come into being. 8 of them grew very big.
Today, some people are moving 9 to small towns or even villages, because there is 10 noise and pollution(污染) in big cities.
1. A . life B. lives C. lifes D.live
2.A. look for B. find C. looking for D. finding
3.A. far B. by C. near D.away
4.A.Any B. many C. Lot of D.Much
5.A.turn B. become C. Changed D. urned
6.A.build B. were built C. are built D. are build
7.A. villages B. towns C.cities D.factories
8.A. Some B. All C. Any D. None
9.A.back B. away C. off D into
10.A.too big B. too much C. much too D. too many
C
All fruit have a bright colour when they are ripe(成熟), but they grown 1 green or dark brown trees, Why? Perhaps you don’t know the 2 . Here is the answer. The tree wants birds 3 animals to see its fruit clearly. The fruit has seeds (种子) 4 . There will be no young trees 5 the seed is not carried away and put into the ground somewhere 6 . Birds and animals eat the flesh(果肉) of the fruit 7 they see its bright colour and they 8 the seeds here and there. For example, the orange tree 9 the sweet flesh of its fruit and gives it is bright colour 10 some animals may eat it and carry away the seeds.
1.A .on B. in C. into D. onto
2.A.cause B. reason C. because D .why
3.A.but B. or C. and D. yet
4.A. in B. out C. outside D. inside
5.A. whether B. if C. unless D. though
6.A. others B. other C. else D. the other
7.A.when B. after C. before D. while
8.A. throw B. fall C. drop D. fell
9.A. grows B. grow C. plants D. plant
10.A. such B. so C. such that D. so that
D
One day, Mr. Ampere, the great French scientist was walking in the street. There were a lot of people and 1 noise. There 2 all this was nothing to him. He was thinking 3 a maths problem . So he wanted to work it out 4 ! suddenly , he saw a blackboard in front of him. He ran up to it at once. He 5 a piece of chalk and wrote his problem on the blackboard. Then he started to 6 . The blackboard moved 7 , but he didn’t notice it . The blackboard moved on. Mr. Ampere could not 8 work out his problem. The blackboard started to move away 9 . He could not 10 it any longer. He stopped to have a look and saw the blackboard. Was the back of a carriage (四轮马车).
1.A. much B. many C. lot D. a lot
2.A. and B. but C. yet D. so
3.A.over B. out C. bout D.up
4. A. in a paper B. on a paper
C. on a piece of paper D. with a piece of paper.
5.A. picked up B. took out C. took up D . take out
6.A. work out it B. work on it C. work it out D. work it on
7.A. few B. a few C. a little D. little
8.A. already B. yet C. never D. still
9.A. more and more B. fast and fast
C. fastest and fastest D. faster and faster
10.A. write out B. be interested in C. have a word with D. keep up with
E
Once there was an old man in a town. He always forgot 1 things. 2 his wife always had to say to him, “Don’t forget this1”
One day he went on a long trip 3 . Before he 4 home, his wife said, “Now you have all these thing ,They are what you need for your trip. 5 your things during the trip.” He went to the station, bought a ticket and 6 the train with it .
About half an hour 7 ,the conductor (列车员)began to check the ticket . He came to the old man and said, “Will you please 8 me your ticket?” The old man could not find 9 . He was worried. “I really bought a ticket 10 I got on the train.” Said the old man. “ And I can’t remember my station! How can I know where I’m going?”
1.A.a piece of B. a kind of C. a lot of D. a pair of
2.A. So B. And C. But D. Yet
3.A. along B. lone C lonely D. alone
4.A. got B. left C. went D. moved
5.A. Be careful B. Look out C. Take care of D. Look for
6.A. had on B. went on C. got on D. passed on
7.A. after B. later C. before D. late
8.A. show B. give C. pass D. hand
9.A. this B. that C. it D. ticket
10.A. when B. after C. till D. before