高三英语非谓语动词
不定式(infinitive)、分词(participle)、动名词(gerund)是非谓语动词，在句中不能作谓语。
一、非谓语动词作主语
可作主语的非谓语动词 是不定式和动名词。
例1 To act like that is foolish.
例2 Walking is good exercise.
例3 ---Why were you so late for work today ?
---Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic.
一般说来，动名词与不定式作主语时，可以互换，注意：
1）表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式（例1），表示无时限的泛指动作（例2），或描述当时的情况（例3）倾向用动名词。
2）下列句型用动名词作主语：
It is no good(use) arguing with you.
There is no knowing what may happen.（不可能知道将会发生什么。）
二、非谓语动词作表语
可作表语的非谓语动词是不定式、动名词和分词。
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.（不定式解释主语 内容）
My favorite sport is playing football.（动名词解释主语内容）
His speech is inspiring.（分词说明主语性质）
The person was moved by the story.
动名词和不定式作表语时，一般也无严格区别，但在表语是不定式的句子中，若主语也用非谓语形式，这时要用不定式；同样表语是动名词时，则主语要用动名词。
To see is to believe.
Reading is learning, but applying（运用）is also learning and more important kind of learning.
三、非谓语动词作宾语
可作宾语的非谓语动词是不定式和动名词。
1不定式作宾语
英语中有相当数量的动词，只能带不定式结构作宾语，
如：agree, decide, hope, manage, offer, demand 等。
短语would like(love), be about (to do) 等；介词but, except也必须以不定式作宾语。如：
He demanded to know the truth.
We have no choice but to fight on.
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg.
注意：
1）疑问代词如what, which，疑问副词如when, where引导的不定式可作know, decide等动作的宾语，但why除外。这种结构也可以作主语和表语。如：
We haven’t decided what steps to take next.
I didn’t know whether to laugh or (to ) cry.
I don’t know why to hold such a meeting.(×)
2)不定式中动词原形的省略。有时为了避免重复，不定式可以省去与前边重复的动词原形，而只留下to.
If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.(to 后省略了do it)
---Would you like to go for a picnic with me ?
---I’d love to, but I can’t spare any time at present.(to后省略了go for a picnic with you.
3）不定式的时态与语态
to do to be done to be doing to have done to have been done
不定式的进行体、完成体常用在下列句型中：
happen to (be doing/have done) be thought to be said to
pretend to considered to be supposed to seem to
be believed to be reported to
He pretended to be sleeping when I entered the room。
The organization is reported to have been set up 20 years ago when Dr Audon became its first president。
2 动名词作宾语
1）下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语：
understand ，appreciate， keep（on），practice，finish，imagine，
miss，avoid，escape，suggest，resist，enjoy，delay，excuse，mind
I can’t imagine marrying a girl of that sort.
I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident.
有的词既可带动名词，亦可带不定式，且用法不尽相同。如：
allow doing allow sb. to do; advise doing, advise sb.to do.
encourage
We do not allow smoking (talking) in the reading room.
We do not allow you to smoke.
2）下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语。
be worth, pay attention to, object to, can’t help, devote oneself to, put off, be (get) used to, how/what about, feel like, look forward to.
3)下列动词可以用不定式作宾语，也可以用动名词作宾语，但有
明显的语意差别。
remember doing forget doing regret doing mean doing remember to do forget to do regret to do mean to do try doing try to do
四、非谓语动词作状语
作状语的非谓语动词是分词和不定式。
1 现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词表主动，“令人……”；过去分词表被动，“感到……”这是两者最重要的区别。如：
This news is exciting .
I am excited at the news.
另外，描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词；描述人的情感则用过去分词。如：
I don’t think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished.
There was a surprised expression in her eyes.
2 现在分词的时态与语态
主动语态 被动语态
doing being done
having done having been done
过去分词时间意义
1）已完成。如：
Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.
2) 与谓语动作同时，如：
Heated ,water changes into steam.
3 分词用作表时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明的状语
Not understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher to explain the word.(原因，not understanding 与谓语动词asked同时)
Having made a decision, they immediately set out to work.(时间，having made a decision先于谓语动词set out)
Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put into mass production.(原因，having been experimented谓语动词put 且与主语product为被动关系)
The boy sat in the dark room, frightened and trembling .
4 不定式用作表目的、结果、方式和形容词原因的状语
1)目的
He got up early not to miss the first bus.
2)结果
too…to, so…as to, such…as to, enough to.
She is too young to dress herself.
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio ?
He hurried home (only) to find his mother was dying fast.
表示“预先未曾估计到，令人不愉快”的结果，用不定式，若表示按事情发展的过程，必然会产生的结果则用分词。
Their car was caught in a traffic jam, (thus) causing the delay.
3）方式
The water in this well is unfit to drink.
The river is dangerous to swim in.
不定式作方式状语，句子主语是不定式动词的逻辑宾语。该动词不能带宾语，如it ，且必须用主动语态。若动词为不及物动词，应加上适当介词。
4）形容词原因状语
I am very glad to meet you.
五、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。
1. make + O + C(do/done)
S+be made (to do/done)
Those who won’t work should be made to work.
He couldn’t make himself heard.
2. keep (leave) + O + C (doing/done)使处于某种状态。
S+be kept (left) (doing/done)
Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day.
His work was left undone.
3. find + O + C (doing/done)
S+be+found (doing/done)
4. with + O + C (doing/done/to do)
He lay on the grassland with his jacket covering his stomach,
With much work to do, I have to give up this trip
5. catch sb. doing; be caught doing （偶然或突然）撞见、发现
I caught a thief stealing on my way home.
They were caught trying to corner the rice market.垄断
6.have + O + C (do/doing/done)
She will have you doing all the housework if you are not careful.
Paul had his hand burned seriously while cooking dinner.
7. get + O + C (to do/doing/done)
It is up to you to get them moving at once.
Can you get the clock going again ?
8.感官动词hear, listen to, see, look at, notice, watch, observe, feel
Hear + O + C (do/doing/done)
He has never heard her sing so well before.
I didn’t notice you carrying a pack when you came in.
Never before had he felt himself so powerfully attracted （吸收）to the scientific idea.
六、非谓语动词作定语
作定语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。
1 不定式作定语
1）动作未发生，被修饰的名词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语。
It seems to me that I have nothing to take home to my children.
Now I feel very lonely because I can’t find anyone to talk with.
2）被修饰的词为抽象名词，如need, way, reason, right等，不定式解释其内容。
There is no need to quarrel with him.
Please give your reason to refuse him.
3) 被修饰的词前有序数词first, second, last等作定语。
He is always the first (one) to get to school every day.
2 分词作定语
在下列两种情况下用分词作定语：
1）被修饰名词与作定语的动词为主动关系，该动作正在进行，或与谓语动作同时进行，或是经常性行为时，用现在分词。
The people sitting at the back move forward please.(sit正在进行)
I like to live in the house facing the south.(face经常性)
Do you remember the flood hitting our village two years ago ?
2）被修饰名词与作定语的动词为被动关系，用以下三种形式。
The machine introduced from Japan has come into use.
The patient being operated on at present is from Jiangsu.
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
注意：
非谓语动词的逻辑主语
1）不定式用for sb. 作其逻辑主语。
It is hard for me to get along with him.
在It is+adj. + to do句型中，若形容词是表示人的性格特征(kind, good, thoughtful, selfish等)或行为表现(foolish, careless等)的形容词，用of sb.作逻辑主语。如：
It is kind of you to say so.
It was stupid of her to make such a mistake.
2)动名词的逻辑主语用名词或代词的所有格。若动名词不在句首。可用名词或代词的宾格。如：
Tom’s going there won’t do any harm.
Excuse my (me) coming late.
3)作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随状语的分词用名词或代词主格作其逻辑主语。如：
The report having been read, a lively discussion began.
(After the report was read, a lively discussion began.)
It raining hard, the sports meet had to be put off.
(Because it was raining hard, the sports meet had to be put off.)