高三英语简单句及五大句型
【要点归纳】
▲ 英语句式绝大多数以S+V(主语+谓语)结构为核心架构。英语是SV型语言。即以S+V(主语+谓语)结构为主干，以谓语动词为核心。
▲ 一般来说，一个英语句子若没有谓语动词（实义动词或系动词），这个句子一定是错误的。
▲ 英语句子的谓语只能由动词来充当，动词在英语句子中如果不充当谓语就必须用非谓语形式（动名词、不定式或分词）。但汉语句子的谓语既可以是动词，也可以是形容词、名词等。
如：The prices are stable and the market is flourishing.
To study English is not easy.
Study English not easy. (×)
▲ 汉语句法的显著特点是“动词连用”，动词不需要形态变化，便可以按时间和动作发生先后顺序和情节发展连续使用几个动词。一个英语句子，除并列谓语的情形外，只能出现一个谓语，否则须用其他手段处理：
★ 变为非谓语形式
★ 连词连接 ﹛并列连词（并列谓语；并列句）
从属连词→引出从句
★ 用名词或介词来表示
如：I forgot my passport.
或 I forgot to bring my passport.
I offered my girlfriend a cup of coffee.
I walked around the desk with a book.
He came into the classroom, running and singing.
▲ 汉语“动词连用”有两类，一类是由一个主语发出的连续几个动作，叫连动式；一类是由谓语的两个动作，前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语，即两个动词不是由一个主语发出的，称作兼语式。请看：
一） 连动式
英语中没有汉语这种连动式，表达先后关系的几个动词，可用and连接或用分词结构。如：
我打开门走进来。
I open the door and came in. ( Opening the door, I came in.)
二） 兼语式
如：“他请我到他家来做客。”“我”是“请”的宾语，又是“到他家来做客”的主语。也就是说“我”身兼两职。英语句式表达汉语兼语式有以下几种方式：
将兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语，常用不定式，有时用不带to的不定式，或分词，副词，形容词，名词，介词结构等。对于第一个动词，汉语中常用的动词有“使”、“叫”、“请求”、“让”、“迫使”、“导致”、“要求”、“命令”、“促进”、“鼓励”等，在英语中均有对应的动词（make, ask, beg, have, force, cause, demand, order, help, encourage等）。如：
He invited me to dinner in his house.
▲ 在SV总句式基础上，根据谓语动词的类型不同，可总结出下五大句型：
⑴ 主语+系动词+表语 She seems kind.
⑵ 主语+不及物动词 He changed a lot.
⑶ 主语+及物动词+宾语 We love our country.
⑷ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
或 主语+及物动词+直接宾语（物）+to +间接宾语（人）
+for+间接宾语（人）
He gave me a present. ( He gave a present to me.)
⑸ 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
I found the book interesting.
【注意】 句型⑴中应注意：
系动词的分类：
“似乎类”：seem, appear, look
“感觉类”：feel, look, sound, smell, taste
“变成类”：become, go, get, grow, fall, turn
“仍然类”：remain, continue, stay, keep
有部分实义动词用作特殊含义时，可用作系动词，如：
prove（证明是）
表语多选形容词不选副词。
系动词一般没有进行时和被动语态。
句型⑵中应注意：
该句型可接状语。
状语的排列顺序一般为：
地点/方式/目的/原因/时间/（never等频度副置于句中，实义动词前，系动词、情态动词等助动词后）。如：
President Nixon came to China by a special plane for an official visit at the invitation of China’s government in 1972after there had been about 40 years of separation between the two governments.
句型⑶中应注意：
当宾语为动词时，不是to do形式就是doing形式，英语中只一少部分动词要求接doing形式，其余均接to do形式,还有一些既可接to do形式又可接doing形式，没有什么区别。但有些有区别，应分别记忆。
下列动词常以doing形式为宾语：
admit, delay, mind, appreciate, deny, miss, avoid, enjoy, postpone, complete, escape, practice, consider, finish, quit
下列动词可接to do形式和doing形式为宾语：
like, begin, intend, love, start, prefer, hate, cease, dislike, continue
下列动词可接to do形式和doing形式,但意义不同：
stop, forget, remember, regret, try, mean
句型⑷中应注意：
直接宾语与间接宾语对调时，应加适当的介词：
（pay, give, lend, send, show, offer, leave, tell, sell, teach, write, bring, deliver 等）+to
( buy, make, get, choose, order等)+for
（ask）+of
(play) +on
句型⑸中应注意：
以名词为宾语补足语的动词有“elect, choose, make, appoint”等
若补语是指“一个人可以担任的职位”时，便应省略冠词。如：
They elected him Present. （他们选他当总统。）
比较：He made her a servant. （他雇她为仆人。）
以不定式为宾语补足语，如果谓语动是感官动词或使役动词，to应省略，变被动时应补上 to。如：
I often see him help others.
(He is often seen to help others.)
以V-ing或 p.p.为宾语补足语：
I found the man stealing the money.
He can’t make himself understood.
I heard my name called.
【注意】 以V-ing为宾语补足语时，若宾语是“发出动作者”，分词动作表示主动。以p.p.为宾语补足语时，若宾语是“接受动作者”，分词动作表示被动。
此类句式中的谓语动词see/hear/feel/keep/leave/find/catch/make /have/get/set/send
表二 句子成分构成要素一览表
| 主语 | 谓语 | 系动词+表语 | 宾语 | 宾补 | 定语 | 状语 | ||
| 名词 | be | 名词 | 名词 | 名词 | 名词 | 时间名词 | ||
| 代词 | seem | 代词 | 代词 | (数词) | 数词 | 副词 | ||
| 数词 | look | 数词 | 数词 | 形容词 | 形容词 | 介词词组 | ||
| 不定式 | sound | 形容词 | 不定式 | 副词 | 冠词 | 不定式 | ||
| -ing形式 | smell | 副词 | -ing式 | 不定式 | -ing式 | -ing式 | ||
| the+过分 | 不定式 | The+p.p | -ing式 | 过去分词 | 过去分词 | |||
| the+adj. | -ing式 | the+adj. | 过分 | 代词 | 形容词 | |||
| 从句 | 过分 | 从句 | 介词组 | 作后置定语 | 不定式(词组) | 独立结构 | ||
| 介词组 | -ing式(词组) | 状语从句 | ||||||
| 从句 | 过分(词组) | |||||||
| 介词词组 | ||||||||
| 形容词(词组) | ||||||||
| 定语从句 | ||||||||
| 副词 | ||||||||
【方法诀窍】
▲ 无论句子多么复杂，先找到主谓结构，忽略插入成分及次要成分。
▲ 分析句子成分，判断被选项是什么成分。
【高考例证】
1. She set out soon after dark ______ home an hour later.(1994)
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived
2. “ Can’t you read?” Mary said _____ to the notice.(1993)
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
3. John played football _____ ,if not better than, David.(1994)
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
4. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talk, _____ that he had enjoyed his stay here. (1994)
A. having adding B. to add C. adding D. added
5. The day we were longing for _____ at last. (1989)
A. coming B. came C. to come D. come
6. He did all he could ______ the poor people in the mountain area. (1992)
A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped
7.The life he has been used to _____ disturbed now. (1993)
A. having B. have C. has D. is being
8. Every minute must be made full use of ______ our lessons. (1991)
A. do B. doing C. done D. to do
Keys: DABCB BDD
【知识验收】
1.I am sorry to have kept you _______.
A. to wait B. wait C. waited D. waiting
2. I found the dog ______ over by a car on the road.
A. to run B. run C. ran D. running
3. Mary is going to have her hair ______.
A. did B. to do C. done D. do
4. I felt somebody _____me.
A. touch B. touched C. to touch D. touches
5. He taught me _______ speak English.
A. how should I B. how C. how can I D. how to
6. I didn’t enjoy the party because I ________.
A. was boring B. bored C. was bored D. boring
7. I shall make your dream ________.
A. coming true B. come true C. to come true D. comes true
8. He told ______ home.
A. us not to go B. we not go C. us not go D. us to not go
9. Canned food do not go _______ easily.
A. sourly B. sour C. souring D. soured
10. Even in bed his uneasiness about his riches kept him ________.
A. wake B. awake C. waken D. to waken
11. She found her money ________.
A. steal B. to steal C. stealing D. stolen
12. The subtropical climate makes Taiwan appear _________ all the year round.
A. greed B. green C. glass D. grass
13. I think ______ a good habit to get up early.
A. this B. it C. that D. its
14. Roses in bloom smell _______.
A. sweeten B. sweetly C. sweet D. sweetness
15. There is something wrong with the engine. We must have it ________.
A. repair B. repairing C. to repair D. repaired
16. He sat there _______ a novel.
A. read B. to read C. reading D. to reading
17. The television set will keep us _______ of the news of the day.
A. inform B. entertain C. educate D. informed
18.The speaker found himself _______ all alone.
A. leave B. to leave C. leaving D. left
Keys: DBCAD CBABB DBBCD CDD