传承世纪2006届高三年级形成性综合探究训练(三)
英语试题
第一部分:听力(共两节,满分30分)
第一节 (共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话,每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1 .What do we know about Mary?
A. She has travelled world-wide. B. She is going to Hawaii.
C. She likes postcards.
2. What do we know about the woman?
A. She does not agree with the man. B. She thinks it better to wait.
C. She prefers going to wait.
3.Why does the woman think the man bought a new CD?
A. The man likes listening to music. B. The man is listening to popular music.
C. The woman has never heard the song.
4. Where is the concert held?
A. In Birmingham. B. In Manchester. C. In London.
5. What is the relationship between the two speakers?
A. Mother and son. B. Sister and brother. C. Teacher and student.
第二节 (共15小题,每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)
听下面5段对话或独自,每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将出给5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料,回答第6至7题。
6. What is the woman?
A. A swimmer. B. A lifesaver. C. A trainer.
7. What does the woman think about the courses?
A. Easy. B. Boring. C. Important.
听第7段材料,回答第8至10题。
8. What are the two speakers mainly talking about?
A. Chemicals. B. Management. C. Pollution.
9. How does a TV station deal with the situation?
A. Stop the factory from polluting the river. B. Report the event on TV.
C. Close the factory.
10. What will the two speakers probably do with it?
A. Talk to the woman’s uncle. B. Turn a blind eye to the event.
C. Run a story on it by a TV station.
听第8段材料,回答第11至14题。
11 .When does the conversation take place?
A. In the morning. B. In the afternoon. C. In the evening.
12. What do the two speakers plan to do tomorrow?
A. Wash down the kitchen. B. Move the cupboards.
C. Paint the walls.
13. When will the painters come?
A. On Saturday. B. On Sunday. C. On Monday.
14. Where is Bob now?
A. In a restaurant. B. In his bedroom. C. In the kitchen.
听第9段材料,回答第15至16题。
15 .Who can visit the School Science Fair free of charge?
A. The woman. B. The man. C. The man's brother.
16. What can we learn from the conversation?
A. All children enjoy science. B. The young man loves science.
C. The School Science Fair takes place every other year.
听第10段材料,回答第17至20题。
17. What is the man?
A. A teacher. B. A dog trainer. C. A construction worker.
18.what can we learn from the conversation?
A. The man didn’t work hard. B. The little girl doesn’t like school.
C. The dog’s owner wasn’t on the scene.
19.why did the girl fall to the ground?
A. She was too afraid. B. The dog pulled her down.
C. Something was wrong with her leg.
20. What can we learn from the conversation?
A. The dog bit the girl in the arms. B. The police took the girl to a hospital.
C. The dog’s owner lives nearby.
第二部分:英语知识运用(共两节,满分45分)
第一节 单项填空(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)
从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
21. Alice is one of those students who I am sure always do best in most difficult situations.
A. their B. his C. you D. one’s
22. —Did you have a good time yesterday, Jane?
—Yes, as you know, party went on in most pleasant atmosphere.
A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a
23. Because I have something important to do, I can’t come to call on you this evening,
I’d like to.
A. much as B. so much C. as much D. much so
24. A new technique , the production increased by 15 percent.
A. working out B. having worked out
C. having been worked out D. to have been worked out
25. So far several ships have been reported missing the coast of Bermuda Island.
A. on B. off C. along D. to
26. —How about the price of these computers?
—They are equal in price to, if not cheaper than, at the other stores.
A. that B. it C. the ones D. others
27. —Sue, see, what did I find?
—Oh, my lost keys!
A. Where did you find it? B. I am really grateful for you.
C. What a nice temper you have! D. I can't thank you enough.
28. Children aged 10 or older, more than 20% overweight, should exercises and reduce
their weight.
A. keep to B. keep on C. keep up D. keep with
29. I am surprised that he to help me when I needed it most.
A. should refuse B. would have refused
C. should have refused D. may have refused
30. —Henry looks hot and dry.
—So you if you had a high fever.
A. will B. do C. were D. would
31. It will be to see some students in our school who waste their time in their studies
no chance to go to universities for further study.
A. discouraged; have B. encouraged; to have
C. discouraging; have D. encouraging; having
32. It’s very important for you to be there on time. You be there at 8:00.
A. shall B. will C. can D. should
33. Come to see me whenever .
A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient
C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to you
34. — you did?
—No, I .
A. Is that what; needn’t have B. What is that; didn’t have to
C. What is that; needn’t have D. Is that what; didn’t have to
35. They have most carefully the time and money needed to complete the project.
A. picked out B. taken out C. made out D. figured out
第二节 完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从36~55各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出
最佳选项。
It was the last day of the final examination in a large eastern university. On the steps of one building, a group of engineering seniors gathered, discussing the exam due to begin in a few 36 . On their faces was confidence (自信). This was their last exam — then on to 37 and jobs.
Some talked of jobs they already had; others talked of jobs they 38 get. With the certainty of four years of college, they felt ready and able to take 39 of the world.
The coming exam, they knew, would be a(n) 40 task. The professor had said they could bring 41 books or notes they wanted, requesting only that they did not 42 each other, during the test.
43 they entered the classroom. The professor passed out the papers. And smiles 44 on the students’ faces as they noted there were only five essay-type questions.
Three hours had passed 45 the professor began to collect the papers. The students no longer looked confident. On their faces was a frightened expression. Papers in hand, no one spoke as the professor faced the class.
He looked at the 46 faces before him, and then asked, “How many completed all five questions?” 47 a hand was raised.
“How many answered four?” Still no hands.
“Three? Two?” The students moved restlessly in their seats.
“One, then? Certainly somebody finished 48 .”But the class remained silent.
The professor put down the papers. “That is exactly what I 49 ,” he said. “I just want to impress upon you that, 50 you have completed four years of engineering, there are still many things about the 51 you don’t know. These questions you couldn’t answer are relatively 52 in everyday practice. ” Then smiling, he added, “You will all 53 this course, but remember — even though you are now college graduates, your education has just 54 .”
The years have 55 the name of this professor, but not the lesson he taught.
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第三部分:阅读理解(共20小题;每小题2分,满分46分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡
上将该项涂黑。
A
It is physically impossible for a well-educated, intellectual, or brave man to make money the chief object of his thoughts; as physically impossible as it is for him to make his dinner the principal object of them. All healthy people like their dinner, but their dinner is not the main object of their lives. So all healthy-minded people like making money — ought to like it and to enjoy the sensation of winning it ; but the main object of their lives is not money; it is something better than money.
A good soldier, for example, mainly wishes to do his fighting well. He is glad of his pay — very
properly so, and justly grumbles (抱怨) when you keep him ten months without it; still, his main notion of life is to win battles, not to be paid for winning them.
So of doctors. They like fees no doubt — ought to like them; yet if they are brave and well- educated, the entire object of their lives is not fees. They, on the whole, desire to cure the sick, and — if they are good doctors, and the choices were fairly put to them — would rather cure their patient and lose their fee than kill him and get it. And so with all other brave and rightly trained men; their work is first, their fee second, very important always, but still second.
But in every nation, there is a vast class of people who are cowardly, and more or less stupid. And with these people, just as certainly the fee is first and the work second, as with brave people the work is first and the fee second.
And this is no small distinction (区别). It is the whole distinction. It is the whole distinction in
a man. You can’t serve two masters ; you first with you, and your fee second, work is your master.
Observe, then, all wise work is mainly threefold in character. It is honest, useful, and cheerful. I hardly know anything more stranger than that you recognize honesty in play, and do not in work. In your lightest games you have always someone to see what you call “fair play ” . In boxing you must hit fair; in racing, start fair. Your watchword is fair play; your hatred, foul play. Did it ever strike you that you wanted another watchword also, fair work, and another hatred also, foul work?
56. What is the main object for a well educated, intellectual, or brave man?
A. Money. B. Healthy.
C. Something better than money. D. Food.
57. What does “very properly so” mean?
A. Very poor. B. Reasonable. C. Impossible. D. Very good.
58. If doctors are brave and well-educated, they should think .
A. their fee is first B. their patient is second
C. their work is first D. both fee and work are first
59. All wise work is mainly threefold in character, they are .
A. honest B. useful C. cheerful D. A, B and C
60. What do you learn from the passage?
A. All healthy-minded people like making money.
B. The fee is first and work second.
C. Work is something better than money.
D. Being soldiers and doctors, you will earn much money.
B
China launched its first manned spaceship at 9:00 a.m. Wednesday, becoming the 3rd country.
in the world to send a person into orbit after the former Soviet Union and the United States. Astronaut
Yang Liwei became China’s first spaceman.
With a column of beautiful smoke, the Shenzhou V craft cut across a bright northwest China sky
at exactly 9 a.m. Wednesday and went into orbit 10 minutes later.
China Central Television’s Channel One cut into its regular programming to announce the launch. The station later showed Shenzhou V streaking (moving very fast) into the sky and disappearing, its tracer billowing (to fill with air and become larger) behind it.
Minutes after the launch, a CCTV announcer said that Shenzhou V and 38-year-old Yang Liwei,
an air force pilot since 1983, had “entered orbit at 9: 10”. It reported Yang was “reading a flight manual (手册;指南) in the capsule (密封舱) of the Shenzhou V spacecraft and looked composed and at ease ”.
The Shenzhou V launch came after four test launches of unmanned capsules that orbited the Earth for nearly a week before parachuting back to China's northern grasslands. Reports say the manned flight is expected to last about 22 hours.
President Hu Jintao watched the launch at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in northwest China’s Gansu Province.
Hu called the launch “the glory of our great motherland and a mark for the initial victory of the
Country’s first manned space flight and for the significant, historic step of the Chinese people in the advance of climbing over the peak of the world's science and technology”.
He said that: “The Party and the people will never forget those who have set up the outstanding
merit (贡献)in the space industry for the motherland, the people and the nation.”
“The launch of Shenzhou V is long-awaited by the Chinese people,” Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Zhang Qiyue said Tuesday. She said the flight was a key step in the “peaceful development of space” .
NASA Administrator Sean O’Keefe also congratulated on China’s first successful human space
flight.
61. The description of Yang Liwei tells us that .
A. Yang didn’t know what to do and he was looking up a flight manual
B. it’s 10 years since he became an air force pilot
C. Yang entered orbit on time
D. Yang trained himself well and felt very satisfied with everything in the spacecraft
62. The underlined word “composed” means .
A. happy B. nervous C. calm D. excited
63. The writer quoted (引用) Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Zhang Qiyue’s words to express .
A. the Chinese have been expecting the success full space launch and it’s a great contribution to our country
B. a lot of Chinese people are waiting for the launch
C. this hunch is the first time in China
D. China’s manned spaceship made a peaceful development of space
64. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. It’s the first time that China has sent up its first manned spaceship.
B. Before the Shenzhou V launched, four test launches had moved around the earth.
C. John Glenn was the first American in orbit.
D. Yang Liwei is the first China’s astronaut in space.
C
China Mobile, the country’s largest mobile communications operator, has accounted for nearly 40 percent of revenues (税收) in the domestic telecoms market. That puts it at the top of the six major telecoms operators in the nation, according to the latest official statistics.
The other five are: China Telecom, 31.1 percent; China Netcom, 16.6 percent; and China Unicorn, 13.4 percent; China Satellite Communications Corp and China Rilcom, 1.5 percent.
Mobile communications and the IP phone business have gradually replaced traditional long-distance calls. Mobile communications account for 28.5 percent of the total long-distance communications business. IP phones have 41.4 percent, while traditional long-distance calls are down to 30.1 percent.
In another ranking, Nokia, Motorola, Bird, TCL and Siemens came in as the top five mobile phone sellers in China in the first half of this year, according to South Daily. The report also says that during this period, China produced 82 million handsets (including GSM, GPRS and CDMA phones) and sold 80 million. Of the phones sold, 37 million were exported to other countries.
Analysts point out that China’s lack of key technologies and its heavy dependence on overseas technologies have proved to be an obstacle for development of home-made phone makers.
65. From the passage, which is NOT true?
A. China Mobile is China’s largest mobile phone sellers.
B. China Mobile is China’s largest mobile communications operator.
C. China Mobile has covered nearly two fifths of the income in the telecoms market in China.
D. China Mobile has taken the first place in the telecoms market.
66. Mobile communications have gradually taken the place of .
A. IP phone service B. traditional long-distance calls
C. traditional telephones D. telecom operators
67. Which has the similar meaning to the underlined word “obstacle”?
A. Difficulty. B. Problem. C. Puzzle. D. Factor.
68. Which do you believe to be true?
A. Nokia is a very popular foreign phone seller.
B. China produced and sold most of the mobile phones to other countries.
C. Mobile communications account for the most part of the total long-distance communications
D. China has had quite advanced core technologies.
D
People are making more and more demands on the world’s natural resources. If babies born in 1991 live for eighty years, the human population of the world may be from twice to three times the present total by 2070. In other words, they will have to share what is left of the earth’s resources with 15 billion other people. But hopefully there will be an important decrease in the growth of population. What if this does not happen? The answer is that by the time before the babies born in 1991 reach the age of 40 they could be sharing resources with as many as 10 billion other people.
Limiting the pollution of water and the atmosphere, controlling the output of the chemicals that
may be causing the global warming and climate change, and eating less meat may have some help, but
can anyone seriously imagine that these are going to solve the problems of the “baby class ”of 1991?
There is no getting away from the fact that people are responsible for the present state of the world, and only people can solve the problems. The decisions have to be taken by people as members of national and local governments; as leaders and decision-makers in industry; as scientists and technologists; as professional engineers and designers; as religious (宗教的) leaders and individual citizens.
69. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A. Making More Demands on the Natural Resources.
B. Limiting the Pollution of Air and Water.
C. Reducing the World Population.
D. Saving the Babies of 1991.
70. What does the author mean by “the problems of the ‘baby class’of 1991”?
A. A large number of babies will be born after 1991.
B. Babies born in 1991 won't live a long life.
C. The children of 1991 are not given good education.
D. The problems caused by babies born in 1991.
71. This short passage is probably taken from .
A. a news report B. a guide to the world
C. an article by a medical worker D. a government report
72. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the last paragraph as people responsible for the present state of the world?
A. Officials. B. Industrialists. C. Businessmen. D. Scientists.
E
Who are the most beautiful women in the world? Looking at the records, people might think Venezuelan women are. They win the Miss Latin America, Miss Universe, and Miss World contests more frequently than women from any other country. In Venezuela, the term “Miss Universe” is an honored title.
These days, people in some cultures consider beauty contest to be silly. They have tried to stop these contests, saying the contests treat women as objects and place too much importance on women’s looks. But in Latin America, beauty contests are a source of pride. And in Venezuela, they are almost a national obsession (迷恋;狂热).
Are Venezuelan women really more beautiful than other women? “They are not really more beautiful here,” says Selena, who trains girls for contest. It’s just that the girls here work harder and prepare more than anyone else. “Preparing for a contest is full-time job that involves (包括)sixteen- hour-a-day for six months. Many of the women take a leave of absence from their jobs during the training period. “If you don’t take this seriously, you don’t have a chance,” Selena says.
The preparation takes many hours a day. The contestants stretch their bodies and practise their walks down the runway. They work on their speeches and practise answering questions such as, “Whom do you admire most in the world?”They starve to stay slim. They take classes to learn how to style their hair long and diet to lose at least 10 pounds. Many of them have their teeth straightened or have plastic surgery (整形手术) to straighten noses or fix other body parts.
It isn’t easy, and the contestants give up a lot for the contest. One Miss Universe winner immediately put on 20 pounds after the contest. She said the only thing she wanted to do after the contest was to eat. The cost is high as well. The training for the Miss Venezuela and Miss Universe contests can cost up to $ 60,000. Fortunately the television station that sponsors (主办;赞助) the contest pays the costs of training the finalists.
Yet most of the contestants say it’s worth the effort. A former Miss Universe is now mayor of a district in a large city. Although she had no political experience before that, she has been asked to run for higher political office. Another winner has her own television show. Winners have an advantage they could not get anywhere else. “It’s the only chance you have to make it,” says one Contestant. “You can’t get these opportunities any other way.”
73. From the above passage we can infer that Venezuela is probably .
A. a city in America where beauty contest is held
B. a country in Latin America
C. a world beauty center
D. a place where contestants from all parts of the world gather tighter
74. After the contest, most of the contestants .
A. feel sorry for their failure
B. don’t have to pay for the expenses in the contest
C. go on starving to stay slim
D. don’t regret joining in it
75. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Only a few women won the contest without being trained.
B. Beauty isn't the only factor for a contestant to win the contest.
C. It’s too much expense for individuals (个人) to pay for training for the contest.
D. Contestants have to stay away from their work for a period of time before the contest.
第四部分:写作(共两节,满分35分)
第一节 短文改错(共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分)
此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断:如无错误,在该行右边横线上划一勾( √ );如有错误(每行只有一个错误),则按下列情况改正:
该行多一个词:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉,在该行右边横线上写出该词,并也用斜线划掉。
该行缺一个词:在缺词处加一个漏字符号( ∧ ),在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。
该行错一个词:在错的词下划一横线,在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。
注意:原行没有错的不要改。
Some day I was walking along the street when a stranger 76.
stopped by me and asked me the way to a new restaurant. 77.
I told him the route and the direction carefully. As soon as I 78.
finished, the stranger thanked me and started off. To his surprise, 79.
he went in wrong direction. Then I stopped him at once and 80.
told him because he was walking a wrong way. Unexpectedly, 81.
he smiled and told me the truth he didn't really want to ask 82.
the ways, but instead he was just trying to know whether 83.
everyone knows exactly where the new restaurant was, 84.
and he was the new owner of the restaurant. 85.
第二节 书面表达(满分25分)
请根据下面的登记表用英文写一篇短文。
姓名 | 李 明 | 性别 | 男 | 国籍 | 中国 |
出生地 | 湖北 | 出生日期 | 1960年2月9日 | ||
职业 | 工程师 | 毕业学校 | 清华大学 | ||
1982年大学毕业,作出人生重要决定,留学美国深造 | |||||
经过4年的努力学习,掌握了计算机方面的先进技术和管理方法 | |||||
个人简介 | 1989年获得博士学位 | ||||
2001年作出回国的决定,并创办一家公司 | |||||
由于妻子和女儿已经习惯了美国的生活方式,至今仍留在美国 |
注意:1.所写短文应包括所有要点; 2.词数100左右;
3.开头已给出,不计人总词数; 4.不要逐字逐句翻译。
Li Ming, an engineer, was born
英语参考答案
(Text 1)
W: I guess I’ll send Mary a postcard from Hawaii when I go there on my vacation.
M: I’m sure she’d be glad to get one. She has a collection of cards from all over the world.
(Text 2)
M : It’s much better to wait until tomorrow to go. Don’t you agree?
W: Yes. I couldn’t agree more.
(Text 3)
W: Hi, Bob. What are you listening to?
M: Some popular music.
W: I’ve never heard this song before. Did you buy a new CD?
M: No. I borrowed it from my friend Sam.
(Text 4)
M: You’re really enjoying the singer Mary very much, aren’t you?
W: Yes, I drove to Birmingham from Manchester for her concert, I wouldn’t miss it.
M: How did you like that singer from London that was just on? She was a great singer, wasn’t she?
W: Yes. She was great.
(Text 5)
M: Hi, Miss Jones. Sorry that I failed again in your subject, but I really tried.
W: No one succeeds every time. Come on and be happy. You’ll have got more chances.
M: Thanks a lot. No failure next time.
(Text 6)
M: Have you ever saved a person?
W: Fortunately not. But I always have to be prepared.
M: How did you pass the test?
W: I had to pass some swimming tests to prove my skills. Then I had to take a course in how to get drowning people safely to shore. And I also had to take life-saving classes.
M: That sure seems like a lot of training.
W: Yes. But someone's life may depend on it.
(Text 7)
M: You know, there’s a factory outside town that’s pumping chemicals into the river.
W: How can they do that? Isn’t that against the law?
M: Yes, it is. But a lot of companies pay no attention to those laws.
W: That’s terrible! What can Greener World do?
M: Well, one thing to do about it is to talk to the manager.
W: What if that doesn’t work?
M : Well, then another way to stop them is to get a TV station to run a story on it.
W: Yes! Companies hate bad publicity. By the way, what’s the name of this company?
M: It’s called Apex Industries.
W : Oh no ! My uncle is one of their top CEOs! Let’s ask him first.
(Text 8)
W: David, we shouldn’t sit here doing nothing.
M: Why not? It’s Saturday afternoon, isn’t it?
W: Yes, but there’s so much to do around the house.
M: It can wait.
W: We ought to finish washing down the kitchen walls and cupboards.
M: We can do that tomorrow. We don't have to do it today.
W: All right. But we must do it tomorrow, because the painters are coming on Monday.
M: Yes. And that reminds me. I must do something about that leak under the kitchen sink.
W: That’s a good idea.
M: Talking about washing down the kitchen—where’s Bob?
W: He’s having lunch with Georgia.
M: What! Again?
W: He should be in soon.
M: He shouldn’t spend so much time with that girl.
W: You must be patient, David, Nineteen’s a very difficult age, you know.
M: Yes, I know. But he ought to be studying more.
(Text 9)
W: Are you going to the School Science Fair this year?
M: Yes, I plan to. When is it on?
W: It’s on 5th and 6th December, for two days.
M: Oh, on 5th and 6th. I thought it was closer to Christmas.
W: No, it’s the first weekend of December. And this year it will be open from I0:00 a.m. to 7:30 p.m.
M: Well, I suppose that’s good. It will give more people the chance to attend it. How much are the tickets?
W: Only $2 for students, but adults pay $10.
M: If I bring my four-year-old brother, do I need to pay for him?
W: No, you needn’t. Children under 5 get in free.
M: Good news for him. And I wish this kind of fair to be held every year.
(Text 10)
W: Good morning. May I talk to you for a minute? I’m a reporter from the City Express and I’d like to ask you a few questions shout what happened here yesterday afternoon.
M: If you are referring to the dog attack, I’d be happy to answer your questions.
W: Great. Can you tell me exactly what happened?
M: Of course. I was taking a break near my construction site at about three o’clock yesterday
afternoon. A school girl of about 11 walked by. Suddenly the dog started running after her. She was so frightened that she fell over. That big dog started biting her on the leg. I picked up an iron bar and hit the dog. It finally let go and ran back to a nearby house. I immediately called the police who came in about eight minutes. An ambulance took the girl to the hospital and the police took the dog and its owner away. It was terrible!
1—5 CBCAC 6—10 BCCBA 11—15 BACAC 16—20 BCCAC
21—25 ADACB 26—30 CDAAD 31—35 CACDD 36—40 BDABC
41—45 BDBAC 46—50 BACDD 51—55 BCAAD 56—60 CBCDC
61—65 DCABA 66—70 . BAACD 71—75 ACBDA
76. Some→One 77. 去掉by 78. √
79. his→my 80. in 后加 a 81. because→that 或去掉 because
82. truth 后加 that 83. ways→way 84. knows→knew
85. and→for
One possible version:
Li Ming, an engineer, was born on February 9,1960 in Hubei, China. After he graduated from (Qinghua) Tsinghua University in 1982, he made an important decision in his life. He decided to go to the United States for his further study. After four years’ hard work, he mastered new management ideas and advanced technologies in computer field. In 1989, he got his doctor’s degree. In 2001, he made another decision. He was determined to return to his motherland and started a company. However, his wife and daughter have got used to the American way of life, so they still stay in the United States.