阅读技巧 推理判断题
推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的线索和事实进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性，将间接论据连贯起来，得出一个合理的结论。
合理，是指准确地从原文中推理，而不是读者主观认为的合理或文章已提供的明显的事实。
推理判断题常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等词提问。提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，most likely等。
推理判断题常见的问题形式有：
1. It can be inferred / concluded from the passage that …
2. The passage suggests / implies that …
3. The author may probably agree with / support …
4. By the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author means …
5. The author seems to be in favour of / be against …
6. The author’s purpose of writing this passage is…
推理判断题的解题技巧：
所谓推断就是从已知的事情中推测未知的事情。这里所说的未知是指文章或作者没有直接说明但暗示出来，或者根据作者提供的信息，可能引出的必然性结论。所以推断类型的题尽管不能在文章中直接找到答案，但我们可以在文章中找到可供推论的依据。
还有一个重要的技巧就是排除法的适当运用。很多错误选项的排除要靠我们对于文章事实和细节的准确把握。因此我们也要相应加强对于文章事实细节的训练。
推理判断题主要题型：
针对细节的逻辑推断
针对主题思想、作者意图的推断
针对作者态度、观点等的推断
（一）细节推理题：
抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，结合上下文或上下句，推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。在推断中，我们要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。
例１：When she looked ahead. Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast.
On that fourth of July morning 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense. She could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the frigid grip of the sea, she struggled on, hour after hour, while millions watched on national television.
Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and here trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn’t much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had… until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.
What does “she never had…”in the third paragraph mean?
A. She had never been so desperate.
B. She had never thought of giving it up.
C. She had never seen such thick fog.
D. She had never swum across the strait before.
解析：根据上下文they urged her not to quit,以及with only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. 可以推断出，她当时并没有想放弃，只不过是后来情况变化了。
答案：B
例2：Decision-thinking is not unlike poker--- it often matters not only what you think , but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think . The mental process（过程） is similar . Naturally , this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are , by any standards , good thinkers .
The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory . In particular , he showed that all games fall into two classes ; there are what he called games of ‘perfect information’, games like chess where the players can't hide anything or play tricks ; they don't win by chance , but by means of logic and skills . Then there are games of ‘imperfect information’, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.
One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors（因素）, which would ever puzzle best poker players . But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance , and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess , not poker.
An important factor in a game of imperfect information is _______.
A. rules B. luck C. time D. ideas
解析：短文第二段有这样一段说明：……游戏可分为两类，一种是被称为 “perfect information”的游戏，双方无法隐瞒或进行欺骗，他们不是靠碰巧获胜 （ …they don’t win by chance）。另一种则是 “imperfect information”的游戏，如打牌，游戏者不可能预先知道他出的这一道牌是否比另一道好。从作者的这种表达可以推断出，“imperfect information”游戏获胜的一个因素就是运气。因此选B。
（二）推测文章的观点或结论
推测文章的观点或结论的设题形式有：
1） It can be inferred from the passage that __________.
2） What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
3） From the passage we can conclude that __________.
这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。
例1：Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.
“To reduce pain, take two tablets（药片） with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief （缓解疼痛） take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.
For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount （量）. For children under six years old, ask your doctor's advice. Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.”
It can be inferred from the directions that this medicine__________.
A. helps you to fall asleep quickly
B. may be dangerous to small children
C. cannot be taken if one feels sleepy
D. shouldn't be taken by children under six
解析：所有的选项都是针对文章的，所以要通读全文后进行判断。从文章第三段第二句得知，六岁以下儿童是否可用此药需要向医生咨询，但并未加以禁止。因此可判断B 为正确选项。
例2. “In general,”writes Rubin in her new book, “women’s friendship with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but men’s relationships are marked by shared activities.”For the most part, Rubin says interactions（交往）between men are emotionally controlled –– a good fit with the social requirements of many behavior.
“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,”Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings. Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until be appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.”
1. According to the text, which type of behavior is NOT expected of a man by society?
A. Ending his marriage without good reasons.
B. Spending too much time with his friends.
C. Complaining about his marriage trouble.
D. Going out to ballgames too often.
2. Which of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph?
A. Men keep their innermost feelings to themselves.
B. Women are more serious than men about marriage.
C. Men often take sudden action to end their marriage.
D. Women depend on others in making decisions.
答案：1. C 2. A
（三）推测作者写作目的和态度
推测作者写作目的的设题形式有：
1. The purpose in writing this text is to __________.
2. The author writes this passage to __________.
3.The author in this passage intends to __________.
4. What does the author mainly want to say?
5. What’s the authors’ attitude towards________.
作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。
我们要从作者的字里行间中找有用的提示，主要是判断作者本人的态度和观点，而且一定要与文章中所论述的内容区分开，因为同样的事实和内容，不同的作者会有不同的看法和态度。切勿用自己的主观想法去理解试题。
T-shirts out; uniforms in
School uniforms are becoming more and more popular across the U.S.A. That’s no surprise, because they offer many benefits. They immediately end the powerful social sorting and labeling （标记） that come from clothing. If all students are dressed in the same way, they will not pay too much attention to their clothing, and some of them will not be laughed at for wearing the “wrong” clothes.
Some people are against the strict rule of school uniforms, but they do not realize that students already accept a kind of rule — wanting to look just like their friends. The difference is that the clothing students choose for themselves creates social barriers; school uniforms tear those barriers down.
As in other places, uniforms remind the wearers of their purposes and duties. For example, when a man or woman puts on a police uniform, he or she becomes, for a time, the symbol （象征） of law and order. The uniform means to the wearer his or her special duties and sends the same message to everyone the wearer meets. People with different jobs wear uniforms of one kind or another. For students, the school uniform reminds them that their task for the six or seven hours they are in school is to get an education.
Some parents are unhappy about uniforms, saying that school uniforms will affect their children’s “creativity.” First, as noted above, the clothes students choose to wear do not necessarily express their individuality （个性）. They just copy their classmates. Second, students have the rest of the day to be as creative as they like. While they’re in school, their job is to master reading, writing, and maths; this should take up all the creativity they have. Mastery of those skills will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way.
The author would probably agree that .
A. it makes no difference whether to wear school uniforms or not
B. students’ individuality may not come from school education
C. students’ creativity is related to the clothes they choose
D. school uniforms help to create equality among students
解析：作者在最后总结时说，Mastery of those skills will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way.
答案：D
【模拟试题】
A
Sleep Struggle
DR. MARJORIE SEIDENFELD ANSWERS YOUR HEALTH QUESTIONS?
I have such a terrible time falling asleep every night that I’m always tired and it’s affecting my schoolwork. What should I do?
––– Mindy in Nevada
One in every five young people has a sleep problem, so you’re not alone. Getting enough sleep has become as important as eating vegetables and exercising regularly. It’s very important for your body.
Most young people only get seven hours of sleep each night, when they actually need nine hours. And making up for lost sleep during the week by sleeping in an weekends doesn’t really work. In fact, sleeping late on weekends may actually do you more harm than good, if you have sleep problems.
What happens if you don’t get enough sleep? If your sleep problem continues for a few nights, you could suffer serious problems. Lack of sleep can affect learning and memory. Worse, if your sleep difficulties last a long time, that could lead to anxiety or depression（抑郁）. Therefore, you’ve got to have some healthy sleep habits. Below are some suggestions.
GO TO BED AT THE SAME TIME－including weekends, if possible.
WAKE UP AROUND THE SAME TIME EVERY MORNING. When you sleep late just one morning during the week, it may disturb your body clock. This will make it hard for you to sleep that night.
DO SOMETHING RELAXING before going to bed.
EXERCISE DURING THE DAY. Don’t exercise right before going to bed.
AVOID DRINKING ALCOHOL. Alcohol makes you excited. This prevents you from falling asleep or wakes you up during the night.
DON’T SMOKE. Smoking is always bad for the body. Smoking before bedtime keeps you awake.
If trying these tips over a couple of weeks does not help you, speak to your doctor. Do not take any sleeping pills without first asking your doctor. Many have strong side effects.
1. According to the passage, if you have sleep problems for a few nights, you could be _______.
A. lonely B. serious C. forgetful D. depressed
2. The passage suggests that people with sleep problems should ______.
A. eat vegetables and exercise regularly
B. make up for lost sleep on weekends
C. follow a fixed timetable for sleep
D. sleep seven hours every day
3. We can learn from the suggestions that ________.
A. getting up earlier one morning makes it easier to fall asleep that night
B. listening to soft music before going to bed may help you fall asleep
C. smokers and those who drink alcohol usually have sleep problems
D. exercising in the evening will help you get to sleep
4. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Sleep problems are serious among young people
B. Sleeping late on weekends can make up for lost sleep
C. Your eating habits will be broken due to lack of sleep
D. You’ll no longer have your sleep problem if you try the tips
B
Blameless
I was a freshman in college when I met the Whites. They were completely different from my own family, yet I felt at home with them immediately. Jane White and I became friends at school, and her family welcomed me like a long-lost cousin.
In my family, it was always important to place blame when anything bad happened.
“Who did this? ”my mother would scream about a dirty kitchen.
“This is all your fault, Katharine, ”my father would insist when the cat got out or the dishwasher broke.
From the time we were little, my sister, brothers and I told on each other. We set a place for blame at the dinner table.
But the Whites didn’t worry about who had done what. They picked up the pieces and moved on with their lives. The beauty of this was driven home to me the summer Jane died.
In July, the White sisters and I decided to take a car trip from their home in Florida to New York. The two older sisters, Sarah and Jane, were college students, and the youngest, Amy, had recently turned sixteen. Proud of having a new driver’s license（驾照），Amy was excited about practicing her driving on the trip. She showed off her license to everyone she met.
The big sisters shared the driving of Sarah’s new car during the first part of the trip, but when they reached less crowded areas, they let Amy take over. Somewhere in South Carolina, we pulled off the highway to eat. After lunch, Amy got behind the wheel. She came to a crossroads with a stop sign. Whether she was nervous or just didn’t see the sign no one would ever know, but Amy continued into the crossroads without stopping. The driver of a large truck, unable to stop in time, ran into our car.
Jane was killed immediately.
I was slightly injured. The most difficult thing that I’ve ever done was to call the Whites to tell them about the accident and that Jane had died. Painful as it was for me to lose a good friend, I knew that it was far worse for them to lose a child.
When Mr. and Mrs. White arrived at the hospital, they found their two daughters sharing a room. Sarah had a few cuts on the head; Amy’s leg was broken. They hugged（拥抱）us all and cried tears of sadness and of joy at seeing their daughters. They wiped away the girls’ tears and made a few jokes at Amy as she learned to use her crutches（拐杖）.
To both of their daughters, and especially to Amy, over and over they simply said, “We’re so glad that you’re alive. ”
I was astonished. No blame. No accusations.
Later, I asked the Whites why they never talked about the fact that Amy was driving and had run a stop sign.
Mrs. White said, “Jane’s gone, and we miss her terribly. Nothing we say or do will ever bring her back. But Amy has her whole life ahead of her. How can she lead a full and happy life if she feels we blame her for her sister’s death? ”
They were right. Amy graduated from the University of California and got married several years ago. She works as a teacher of learning-disabled students. She’s also a mother of two little girls of her own, the oldest named Jane.
1. The author of the passage is _____.
A. Mrs. White’s niece
B. Jane’s school friend
C. The Whites’ cousin
D. Sarah’s friend from college
2. How did the author’s parents differ from the Whites?
A. The author’s parents were less caring.
B. The author’s parents were less loving.
C. The author’s parents were less friendly.
D. The author’s parents were less understanding.
3. How did the accident occur?
A. Amy didn’t stop at a crossroads and a truck hit their car.
B. Amy didn’t know what to do when she saw the stop sign.
C. Amy didn’t slow down so their car ran into a truck.
D. Amy didn’t get off the highway at a crossroads.
4. The accident took place in ______.
A. Florida
B. California
C. South Carolina
D. New York
5. The Whites did not blame Amy for Jane’s death because _____.
A. they didn’t want Amy to feel ashamed and sorry for the rest of her life
B. Amy was badly injured herself and they didn’t want to add to her pain
C. they didn’t want to blame their children in front of others
D. Amy was their youngest daughter and they loved her best
6. From the passage we can learn that _____.
A. Amy has never recovered from the shock
B. Amy changed her job after the accident
C. Amy lost her memory after the accident
D. Amy has lived quite a normal life
【试题答案】
A）C C B A
B）B D A C A D
【励志故事】
宽恕的力量
在美国南北战争期间，有个名叫罗斯韦尔·麦金太尔的年轻人被征入骑兵营。由于战事进展不顺，士兵奇缺，在几乎没有接受任何训练的情况下，他就被临时派往战场。在战斗中，年轻的麦金太尔担惊受怕，终于开小差逃跑了。后来，他以临阵脱逃的罪名被军事法庭判处死刑。
当麦金太尔的母亲得知这个消息后，她向当时的总统林肯发出请求。她认为自己的儿子年纪轻轻，少不更事，他需要第二次机会来证明自己。然而部队的将军们力劝林肯严肃军纪，声称如果开了这个先例，必将削弱整个部队的战斗力。
在这种情况下，林肯陷入两难境地。经过一番深思熟虑后，他最终决定宽恕这个年轻人，并说了这样一句著名的话：“我认为，把一个年轻人枪毙对他本人绝对没有好处。”为此他亲自写了一封信，要求将军们放麦金太尔一马：“本信将确保罗斯韦尔·麦金太尔重返兵营，在服完规定年限的兵役后，他将不受临阵脱逃的指控。”
如今，这封褪了色的林肯亲笔签名信被一家著名的图书馆收藏展览。这封信的旁边还附带了一张纸条，上面写着：“罗斯韦尔·麦金太尔牺牲于弗吉尼亚的一次激战中，此信是在他的贴身口袋里发现的。”
一旦被给予第二次机会，麦金太尔就由怯懦的逃兵变成了无畏的勇士，并且战斗到自己生命的最后时刻。由此可见，宽恕的力量何等巨大！由于种种原因，人不可能不犯错误，但只有宽恕才能给他第二次机会，也才有可能让他弥补先前的过失。
［小编插语］宽恕别人，也是在善待自己，这样我们才能收获更多。