非谓语动词
（详尽的说明及一些常见的惯用法请参考备考指南P157-P162）
一、非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）（动名词和现在分词形式相同，合称为动词-ing形式）
二、非谓语动词在句中不能作谓语，但其本身有动词的特点, 可以有自己的宾语、状语或表语等，构成非谓语动词短语，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语、宾补、主补。
三、非谓语动词一般不受主语的人称和数的限制，但仍有时态、语态的变化；不定式的否定式只须在前加not，-ing形式的否定式在最前加not。 (以write为例)
| 不定式 | 动名词/现在分词 | 过去分词 | ||
| 主动式 | 一般式 | to write | writing | |
| 进行式 | to be writing | |||
| 完成式 | to have written | having written |
| |
| 完成进行 | to have been writing |
| ||
| 被动式 | 一般式 | to be written | being written | written |
| 完成式 | to have been written | having been written |
| 形式 作用 | 不定式 | 动名词 | 现在分词/过去分词 |
| 主语 | √ | √ |
|
| 宾语 | √ | √ |
|
| 介宾 |
| √ |
|
| 表语 | √ | √ | √ |
| 定语 | √ | √ | √ |
| 状语 | √ |
| √ |
| 宾/主补 | √ |
| √ |
四、全国各地高考有关非谓语动词考查近几年统计表:
| 内容 年份 | 宾语 | 补语 | 状语 | 表语 | 定语 |
| `01―`04 | 7 | 10 | 25 | 4 | 9 |
| 2005年 | 4 | 3 | 17 | 0 | 2 |
1) 相对于过去分词来讲, 不定式和-ing形式形式多样, 结构复杂, 内涵丰富, 功能较多, 最能体现英语独特的形式特征, 又极易对考生带来麻烦. 因此, 命题人热衷于使用它们作为考查工具就不足为怪了.(每年平均有2~3个题目)
2) 考查立意较低, 主要考查的是非谓语的一些最基本的用法. 但是, 题目的设置注重了情景化和结构复杂化, 加大了考生对题干句的理解难度.
五、突破方法
1.非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性,综合性很强的语言点,切不可记注几个条条框框就去乱套.真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识.
1) 具有句子结构的知识,要分得清简单句和复合句,陈述句和祈使句.
2) 具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识,要分得清双宾语和复合宾语.
3) 具有扎实而丰富的动词知识,要分得清及物动词和不及物动词,双宾动词和复合宾语动词.
一些最基础最常见的动词的用法应当烂熟于胸.
4) 具备各种复合句的知识,能够拆析30词左右长度的复合句,难句.
2. 理解分析非谓语动词的句法功能,重点掌握不定式,动名词作宾语的区别;不定式,分词作补语的区别;不定式,分词作状语的区别;不定式，分词作定语的区别；独立主格的用法;
3. 解答考查非谓语动词的题目时,一定要保持头脑冷静,一般要遵循以下解题思路:
1) 解析句子结构,确定设空在句子中充当的功能(如状语,定语或宾语)
2) 找准相关动词的逻辑主语,确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动)
3) 搜索句子中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的恰当形式.
4) 将该选项置如空中,看是否能够做到字从意顺,或是否能传达有效信息,完成交际任务.
六、 非谓语动词用法的几种区别和相关考点：
1．分词作状语形式的选择
1）
| 形式 | 意义 |
| V+ ing (doing) | 与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生。 |
| Having + V-ed (having done) | 与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动词发生。 |
| V–ed (done) | 与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系 |
| Being + V-ed (being done) | 与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且与谓语动词同时发生， 放在句首时，一般用作原因状语。 |
| Having been + V-ed(having been done) | 与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词发生。 |
2）分词作状语的基本原则
分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。
Eg. Cooking her dinner, the door bell rang. (×)
应改为： Cooking her dinner, she heard the door bell ringing.
When she was cooking her dinner, the door bell rang.
请改正这个句子：Walking in the dark, his head hit against a tree.
Eg. Bitten by the dog, people immediately sent him to hospital. (×)
应改为：Bitten by the dog, he was sent immediately to hospital.
请改正这个句子Seen from the top of the hill, we felt very excited.
★不定式作状语亦然：
请改正这个句子； To develop the area quickly, many measures should be taken.
3）分词作状语的句法功能，可以表时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，行为方式 ，伴随状况等。时间，条件, 让步状语有时可以由连词加分词短语引出。
Eg. When asked about his past, he always kept silent.
Unless invited, I will not go to the party.
Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university.
2．现在分词被动式(being done)和过去分词(done)在使用结构上的区别(
1）单个过去分词done可做前置定语,而现在分词被动式(being done)却不能.
2）作条件状语,并加以强调时,一般只用done ,而很少使用being done.
3）在have, get等使役动词后的复合结构中的宾补,只用done,不用being done.
4）在其它使役动词和意念动词,如:make, order, want, keep, get等后大多使用done作宾语补足语.一般不使用being done.
5）作原因状语时,一般使用done, 如在意义上强调动作正在进行时,常用being done.
6）分词短语作后置定语时，如属短暂性动词,可用done而一般不用being done.
试比较:
Last Monday our class went on an organized trip to a forest to study the wild life.
Heated, the mental expands.（条件）
You’d better get your shoes cleaned.（补语）
Because of my poor English, I’m afraid I can’t make myself understood.（补语）
（Being) done carelessly, his homework was full of mistakes.（原因）
The paper just received must be typed at once.（定语）
3．现在分词完成被动式（having been done）和过去分词 (done)一般式的区别：
现在分词完成被动式和过去分词一般式都含有被动意义，且动作已经完成的意思。但现在分词完成被动式在句子中往往充当状语（原因/时间），而过去分词的一般式既可作状语，又可充当表语，定语或补足语。所以，在选择一个含有被动，且动作已经完成的分词（短语）作定语时，往往不用现在分词完成被动式（having been done），而应该用过去分词的一般式（done）.如
This having been said, let us return to our project.（原因）
I should like the matter settled immediately.（补足语）
Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier? （定语）
There were twenty or thirty monkeys huddled along the branches as still as statue
有二三十个猴子蜷缩在树枝上，静如雕塑。（定语）
United, we stand; divided, we fall.（条件）
4．不定式,现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别:
1) 不定式可作目的状语,原因状语,结果状语等,它表示在谓语动词动作之后发生的动作.
2) 现在分词可作时间,条件,原因,结果或伴随情况等状语,它的一般式表示与谓语动词动作同时发生的动作,它的完成式表示在谓语动词动作之前发生的动作.
3) 过去分词作状语时表示完成或被动的动作,与句子主语构成动宾关系.而不定式和现在分词作状语时,该动作是由句子主语发出的,构成主谓关系.试比较:
We must work hard to pass the examination.
Not knowing much English, I found it hard to understand him.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
4) 注意ing-form和不定式作结果状语时，前者指自然而然的结果，后者表主句主语未曾预料到的结果。如
He hurried to the station only to find the train gone.
Two years later, her father disappeared, never to be heard from again.
He dropped the cup, breaking it into pieces.
European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
5． 动名词和不定式作主语及表语的区别
1) Seeing is believing.（or: To see is to believe.）
2) Rowing keeps you fit.(or: To row keeps you fit.)
3) To act like that is childish.
4) It is not always easy to refuse invitations.
5) It’s no use crying over split milk.（覆水难收）
a. 当动词所表示的动作不是指某个特定的行为，而是指一般的行为（具有泛指意义）时，既可以
使用动名词做主语，也可以使用动词不定式做主语。如例1)/2).
b. 但动词所表示的动作是指某一特定的活动时，通常用动词不定式做主语。如例3).
c. 用动词不定式做主语时，更常采用的形式是：用It作形式主语，而将真正主语的动词不定式
置于句末。如例4).
d. 用动名词做主语时 5)，虽然也可以用it作形式主语，而将真正主语的动名词置于句末，但这
仅限于有限的句型：在It is 之后接有no use, no good, fun, a wonder, useless, nice, worth- while, worth one’s while, good, interesting, funny, hopeless等词或短语，如例6).
6) My favorite pastime is reading.
7) Our plan is to finish the work next week.
8) The only thing I could do was to leave.
★粗略地说，动词不定式作表语和动名词作表语有以下一些区别：
a.当动词所表达的动作是经常性的活动时，既可以用动名词作表语，也可以用动词不定式作表语。
b.当动词所表达的动作是指某个特定的行为，尤其是将来的行为时，通常要用动词不定式作表语。
试题：My job is _______ English.
A. teach B. teaching C. taught D. to teach
Her wish is _______ an engineer.
A. becoming B. become C. to become D. being become
6．现在分词,动名词,过去分词和不定式作定语的区别
现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,表示该动作的主动和进行; 动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途,其间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系; 过去分词(短语)作定语与它修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系,表示该动作的被动或完成;动词不定式作定语多表示将来动作. 试比较:
Can you tell me where the waiting room (the room for waiting) is?
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
The dam to be completed by the year 2010, will benefit the whole country.
The building being repaired now is our library.
★注意:当先行词含有first, next, last, second以及only等词修饰时,则充当定语的动词不定式并不表示其动作发生在谓语所表达的动作之后,也不表示与谓语动词所表达的动作同时发生,而是表示动作的完成,或者说,具有过去时的含义.
She was always the first to come.
He’s the only person to know the whole truth.
7．过去分词,现在分词的被动语态和动词不定式的被动语态作定语的区别
过去分词done作定语,表示分词的动作已完成; 现在分词的被动语态being done作定语,表示分词的被动动作正在进行;动词不定式的被动语态to be done作定语表示不定式的被动动作将要发生.试比较:
The house to be built next year will be a hospital.
The house being built now will be a hospital.
The house built last year is a hospital now.
8．不定式和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别
在感官动词see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, 等词以及使役动词make, let 和have后面的宾补有三种形式,即动词原形(不带to 的不定式),现在分词和过去分词.现在分词表主动或动作正在发生,还未结束;过去分词表被动或完成;若用不定式则表示动作的完整性. (help后用不定式作宾补的to可省可不省. 但以上的句子变为被动句时,to都不可省.)
Some villagers last saw the missing boys playing near the river.
I heard the English song sung many times.
They knew her quite well. They had seen her grow up from childhood.
9．用不定式或-ing形式做主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正主语后置.
It is our duty to keep our classroom clean everyday.
如果表语是no good, no use, no help, useless,则习惯上用-ing形式作真正主语.
It’s no good watching TV all day.
同样当不定式和-ing形式做宾语时,如后面有宾补,也常用it作形式宾语,将真正的宾语后置.
I have long had it in mind to answer your letter.
We found it useless telling him the truth.
10． 英语里有 一些形容词，如：easy, difficult, hard, fit, awkward, convenient, important, pleasant, unpleasant, tough等， 要用一个及物动词的不定式来做它的状语。但在语意上，句子的主语和动词不定式是动宾关系。
Eg. Jack is easy to fool.
She was extremely difficult to please.
She was difficult to understand at times.
A man so difficult to please must be hard to work with.
Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase（消除）。
某些“不及物动词+ 介词”的结构，也可以归到这个句型中去。
Eg. He is difficult to deal with.
The man is hard to work with.
11．下列动词可跟ing形式或不定式作宾语,意义有区别:
forget, remember, regret, go on, stop, mean, try, can’t help
forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（已做）
regret to do sth.对即将做的事表示遗憾（未做）
regret doing sth.对做过的事表示后悔（已做）
try to do sth. 尽力去做某事
try doinh dth.试着做
go on to do dth.做完一件事，继续做另一件事
go on doing sth.继续做原来做的那件事
remember to do sth.记着去做某事（未做）
remember doing sth.stopo to do sth.记着做了某事（已做）
stop to do sth..停下做另一件事情（状语）
stop doing sth. 停下正在做的事情（宾语）
mean to do sth.打算做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
12．用做插入语或评述性状语的非谓语动词：
generally speaking ( strictly, frankly, personally, briefly, exactly ); judging from/by; taking everything into consideration; not to say; to say nothing of; not to mention; let alone; to begin/start with; to be frank/honest; strange to say; to make things worse,
supposing (假如)，concerning(关于)等. 作为这种用法的非谓语动词并不修饰句子的某个成分，从语法上讲，它是修饰整个句子的叫做句子状语。 从语意上说，它表示说话人对说话内容所抱的态度或所持的看法，即对句子内容的评论。因此，叫做插入语或评述性状语, 属固定的表达。
Supposing it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?
Concerning your letter, I’m pleased to inform you that your plans are acceptable to us.
13．have, get 后接三种形式做宾补时,其中have, get表示“使,叫,让”之意.
1) have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做(叫/让某人做某事)
I’ll have/ get my bike repaired tomorrow.
此外,have sth. done还表示”使遭受…”之意
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
2) have sb./sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事
get sb./sth. doing 使某人/物开始行动起来
注意:”have sb. doing”若用于否定句中,其中”have ”有”容忍”之意
Don’t have the water running all the time.
3) have sb. do sth. / get sb. to do sth. 使/让/叫某人去做某事
14．注意在定语从句或疑问句里考查非谓语动词的搭配：
This is the washing machine I __________ yesterday .
A. had it repaired B. had repaired C. repaired it D. had repairing
2005高考题组（非谓语动词）
1. __________ with a difficult situation, Amold decided to ask his boss for his advice.
A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
2. The storm left, _________ a lot of damage to this area.
A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused
3. _________, the more expensive the camera, the better its equality.
A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D.Speaking generally
4. While watching television, _______.
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
5. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, _______ away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
6. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ______ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having
7. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ______ at the party, but not ______.
A. to arrive; leaving B.to arrive; to leave C.arriving; leaving D.arriving; to leave
8. The prize of the game show is $3o,ooo and all expenses ________ vacation to China.
A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid
9. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise _________.
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
10. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it _______ often enough.
A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained
11. I don’t want ________ I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
12. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _____the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
13. _________ into use in April 2000, the hot line was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
14. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ______ a look at the sports stars.
15. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _____ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken
16. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade ________ down to eat our picnic lunch.
A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat
17. ---What should I do with this passage?
---______ the main idea of each paragraph.
A. Find out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out
18. He glanced over at her, ____ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.
A. noting B. note C. to note D. having noted
19. He hurried to the station only _______ that train had left.
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
20. ---Can the project be finished as planned?
---Sure, ________ it completed in time, we’ll work tow more hours a day.
A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get
21. When _____ help, one often says “Thank you!” or “It’s kind of you.”
A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered
22. ________ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed
23. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ______ in a year.
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed
24. The repairs cost a lot, but its money well ______.
A. to spent B. spent C. being spent D. spending
25. _________from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated
26. The manager, _____ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.
A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making
27. __________move about university courses, call 746-3789.
A. To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out
28. I really can’t understand _______ her like that.
A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
29. ---Is Bob still performing?
---I’m afraid not. He is said _______the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
30. ____________ in the mountain for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.
A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
31. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, ______ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching
32. All these girls must be mailed immediately _________in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving
33. (04)He looked around and caught a man ________his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting
34. I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _______?
A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
35. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ______as the plane was making a landing.
A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
36. Victor apologized for _________to inform me of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able B. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
37. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _________.
A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted
38. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to ________ before the party.
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
39. My advisor encouraged ________ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
40. ______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
41. Don’t leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
42. The flu is believed _________ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused
43. The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
44. The disc, digitally _______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
45. Laws that publish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents _______.
A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry
46. __________ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
47. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ______ it ― you’ve got some big bills coming.
A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget
48. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _____ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
49. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time __________ the exam.
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
50. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining company, _______ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
Keys:
1-5CDCCB 5-10DDBAD 11-15ABACA 16-20DCAAB 21-15DACBC 16-30BADAB
31-35BCDBC 36-40CBADC 41-45BCBAA 45-50CABDB