高考英语时态命题思路透析
时态是高考单项填空必考的语法项目。今年全国有很多省份单独命题,笔者从这些试题中选出一些有关时态的单项填空题,就命题思路、解题方法等方面进行逐一评析,希望对同学们的复习有所启发和帮助。
一、 一般过去时
一般过去时一直是时态测试的考查热点,很受命题人的青睐。请看今年高考各省、市卷有关一般过去时的试题。
[高考试题]
1. I________ you not to move my dictionary-now I can't find it. [吉林]
A. asked B. ask C. was asking D. had asked
2. -I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.
-Oh, how nice!Do you know when she________? [湖南]
A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left
3. The discussion ________ alive when an interesting topic was brought in. [浙江]
A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came
4. Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people ________ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology. [江苏]
A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun
[试题分析]
1. A。抓住关键词now去分析。题意为:我(刚才)叫你别动我的词典--现在我找不到了。一般过去时可表示发生在过去的动作。过去进行时表示过去正在进行或未完成的动作,所以不能选C。
2. D。抓住关键词when去理解。在过去某个具体时间发生的事情用一般过去时。
3. D。come属于短暂性动词。when可以表示两个短暂的动作同时发生。
4. B。应该分析清楚这句话的结构:when引导的是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the early 1990s。定语从句的时间状语其实是in the early 1990s,故从句用一般过去时。
[命题思路]
命题人在出有关一般过去时的试题时,一般不会在题干中给出明确的表示过去的时间状语,而是通过语境中的关键词确定时态背景,考查考生灵活运用时态知识的能力。能够反映时态背景的关键词可以是连词,如before, when等,或者像now这类表示与过去对比的时间副词,或者是表示时间的名词作先行词,要求据此判断定语从句的时态。
[指点迷津]
做有关一般过去时的试题时,一定要吃透语境,抓住语境中的关键词去分析判断,同时还要能深刻领悟使用一般过去时的场合及其含义,所以考生要能区别几种容易与一般过去时混淆的时态。
二、进行时态
进行时态分为现在进行时和过去进行时,进行时态在高考试题中出现的频率也很高。
[高考试题]
1. -Has Sam finished his homework today?
- I have no idea. He ________ it this morning. [吉林]
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done
2. - What's that terrible noise?
- The neighbors ________ for a party. [北京]
A. have prepared B. are preparing
C. prepare D. will prepare
3. Because the shop ________, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. [浙江]
A. has closed down B. closed down
C. is closing down D. had closed down
4. -What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
-I had just finished my work and ________to take a shower. [天津]
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
5. -You were out when I dropped in at your house.
-Oh, I ________ for a friend from England at the airport. [福建]
A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited
[试题分析]
1. C。进行时态具有未完成性和暂时性的特点,此处表示未完成。可根据语境,尤其是I have no idea. (= I don't know.) 去分析。
2. B。现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。
3. C。现在进行时有时可表示按计划将要发生的事情。此处is closing down = is going to close down。又如:I'm leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
4. D。过去进行时可表示过去正要做某事。题意为:"当托尼给你打电话时,你正在干什么?" "我刚完成工作,正要开始淋浴。"
5. A。此处用过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作。
[命题思路]
命题人一般会给出具体、鲜活的语境去考查考生运用进行时态的能力,很少会给出像at the moment, at this time last night这样明确的时间状语。命题人一般会以对话的形式来出这类试题。
[指点迷津]
考生做有关进行时态的试题,应该从分析语境入手,确定时态背景。考生要搞清楚时态背景是发生在过去还是现在,再结合进行时态的各种用法去分析。进行时态的基本用法有:(1)某一时刻正在进行的动作;(2)具有未完成性和暂时性的特点;(3)某一时间段所重复发生的事情,不一定是说话时刻正在进行的动作;(4)表示一个听起来比较委婉、客气的请求或建议。
三、 完成时态
完成时态包括现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时以及过去完成进行时,其中现在完成时考查得较多。
[高考试题]
1. More patients ________ in hospital this year than last year. [江苏]
A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated
2. -The window is dirty. [广西]
-I know. It ________ for weeks.
A. hasn't cleaned B. didn't cleanC. wasn't cleaned D. hasn't been cleaned
3. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ________ going back to school, but she hasn't decided yet. [北京]
A. had considered
B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
4. The crazy fans ________ patiently for two hours and they would wait till the movie star arrived. [重庆]
A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait
5. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ________ 50 million. [福建]
A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached
6. -George and Lucy got married last week.Did you go to their wedding?
-No, I________. Did they have a big wed-ding? [湖北]
A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadn't been invited D. didn't invite
[试题分析]
1. D。考查现在完成时的用法。根据时间状语this year去分析,this year可以和现在完成时连用,另外此处还得使用被动语态。
2. D。考查现在完成时的被动语态。由时间状语for weeks可以看出用现在完成时。
3. B。考查现在完成进行时的用法。现在完成进行时表示从过去开始的某一动作或活动一直持续到现在,或许还要持续下去。
4. B。考查过去完成进行时的用法。过去完成进行时表示从过去的过去某一时刻开始的动作或活动一直持续到过去某一时刻,强调活动一直在进行。
5. A。考查现在完成时与主谓一致的用法。根据前一分句的谓语has set可知,后一分句也用现在完成时,时态保持一致。主语sales是复数名词,所以谓语动词也用复数。
6. C。考查过去完成时的用法。题意是:我在他们上个星期结婚之前没有受到邀请。体现了"过去的过去"的语境。
[命题思路]
命题人在出考查完成时的用法时,通常采用以下命题手段来设置语境:
1. 给出明确的时间状语,比如ever since, so far, in the past few years等等。
2. 完成时态与被动语态相结合,如以上第1、2、6题。
3. 完成时态与主谓一致相结合,如以上第5题。
4. 和其它时态如一般过去时、一般现在时等作对比。这样的试题完全没有时间状语,一定要对比其它时态去确定用哪一种完成时态。
[指点迷津]
做有关完成时态的试题,首先要熟悉完成时态的含义、与之连用的时间状语,然后要结合语境去分析。若有时间状语,抓住关键信息就可得出最佳答案。若没有时间状语,就要根据上下文中其他句子的时态去分析,判断用现在完成时,还是用过去完成时,是否要用完成进行时。要善于抓住完成时态的本质特征去解题。比如,现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在还有影响,一般和与现在有联系的时间状语连用;过去完成时一定要体现"过去的过去"这样的时态背景;现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时强调活动一直在持续。
四、 将来时态
将来时态包括一般将来时以及过去将来时,高考试题中偶尔会涉及到它们的用法。
[高考试题]
1. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ________ advertisements showing happy families. [湖南]
A. will often see B. often see C. are often seeing D. have often seen
2. Let's keep to the point or we ________ any decisions. [江西]
A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached
[试题分析]
1. A。关键要看懂题干的句型结构。原句可改为:If you turn on the television or open a magazine, you will often see advertisements showing happy families.
2. A。考查动词时态。题干属于一个句型:祈使句+ and / or + 分句。原句可改写为:If we keep to the point, we will never reach any decisions.
[命题思路]
命题人在出有关将来时的试题时,有时会给出与将来时连用的时间状语,有时结合句型去考查,有时也没有时间状语。
[指点迷津]
做这一类试题,若有时间状语,就很好判断。如:tomorrow, next year, in the future, the next day等等。另外要注意:在主从复合句中,从句多使用现在时表示将来,而主句一般用将来时或情态动词或采用祈使句;过去将来时在含有宾语从句的复合句中使用得较多;对一些固定句型也要熟练掌握。比如以上两题均考查考生对同一句型结构的理解。再如:
1. Work hard and you will succeed.
2. Hurry up or you will be late for class.
3. A few more minutes and I will finish my composition.