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高考英语阅读理解的做题方法

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阅读理解的做题方法及八套阅读理解共三十二篇文章附详尽的解析

一、阅读应试的基本方法步骤
  阅读基本方法有3种,一是略读,二是精读(scrutinizing),三是寻读。略读是一种 快速阅读方法,在非常短的时间内浏览全文获得文章的中心思想和主要事实。精读则是仔细阅读每句话,理解分析其含义,弄清句与句之间的逻辑关系,进而理解整 个段落的意思。而寻读则是通过目光扫视,迅速确定你所期望得到的信息的位置。考试中3种基本方法可以用在不同的情况。通过略读,我们可以了解材料的结构安 排和主要信息,利用精读我们可以针对考题中的某些信息或难点做具体细致的解析,而寻读则在解题过程中起着一个定位的作用。
  不少考生常常提出这样一 个问题:做阅读理解题是先读文章还是先读后面的问题呢?我们认为,答案因人而异。英语水平较高,阅读速度较快的考生可以先通读短文,一边阅读一边思考文章 的主旨大意, 理解文章的细节, 基本理解原文之后再看考题及选项并做出选择,遇上个别无把握的题时再回头查阅短文的相关部分,仔细推敲定夺,以求准确无误得高分。但这种方法只适合那些有能力获取优异成绩的考生,其优点是对文章有一个总的概念和印象,缺点是,费时间,对文章的细节记不清楚。对于大多数考生来说,考试的时间较为紧迫,我们建 议使用以下几个步骤:
第一步:略读短文 把握方向
  用尽量短的时间扫视短文,特别留意每段的第一句和最后一段的最后一句。因为各段的主题句往往在句首,而文章的最后一句很可能是概括总结。略读的目的是掌握短文的主旨大意,做到对全文的内容心中大致有数,有一个思考的方向。
第二步:浏览问题,有的放矢
  浏 览5个问题,揣测出题者出此题的目的并侧重阅读短文相关部分。由于对所问问题及文章主旨都已有所了解,在阅读时自然会知道哪些地方得细读哪些地方可一带而 过甚至跳过不读。所有问题都是根据文章内容提出的,基本反应并覆盖了文章内容的主干。先阅读问题再阅读全文,这种方法的优点是:可在较短的时间内有针对性 地阅读相关内容,便于给相关问题定位,有的放矢,事半功倍。
第三步:分析判断 确定答案
  在完成上面两步的基础上,对5个问题逐一解答。需要注意的是:要是文章内容涉及你所熟悉的题材和知识范畴,在选项时绝对不能单凭自己的主观判断解决问题。因为文章考的是你对该篇的阅读理解能力,而不是你的某种知识,因此选项不能脱离文章的题意。对于英语水平相对较低,阅读速度较慢的考生来说,我们建议不妨直接从第二步开始:先浏览所有5道题的题目,对文章所涉及的内容有个粗略的估计或了解,然后逐 一解答。先寻读文章的相关部分,然后选择正确答案。如遇到有关文章主旨大意或需要推理的题,可先放一放,等做完其他题再做这类题。先难后易,各个击破。
  另外,在阅读过程中,不妨在自己认为比较重要的某些句子或词语(主题句,关键词)下面划线,标上符号,这样有助于突出重点,活跃思维,同时也便于阅读,节省 时间,使阅读更加积极。并且对于记忆力稍差的考生而言,记住几个重要句子和信息要比记住全文容易得多了。所以,我们建议对阅读文章中的主要句子和关键词标 出记号并重点阅读。

考生应具备的阅读理解能力包括:考生应能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解英语书面材料,能以每分钟6070词的速度阅读各种题材和体裁;掌握所读材料的主旨和大意;抓住用以阐述主旨的事实和相关细节;能根据上下文判断某些陌生词或短语的意义;能够根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理;并且能够领会作者的意图和态度。根据所读材料,考生应能:

  l)理解主旨要义;

  2)理解文中的具体信息;

  3)理解文中的概念性含义;

  4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;

  5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;

  6)理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系;

  7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;

  8)能够对文章的结构和作者的态度等做出简单的分析和判断。

阅读理解部分主要测试考生英语的阅读、理解、分析、判断能力。短文内容涉及政治、经济、历史、地理、文化、科技、人文、时事等。一般以论说文为主,也有一些实用文体,如信函、表格数据等。

  第二节阅读理解常见问题分析

  阅读理解在高考中占了40分的大比重,加上书面表达(山东)和完型填空的35分,正好是高考总分的一半,是决定考试成败的一大题型,很多考生在这上面下了很大的功夫,但是还是不能收到很好的效果。那么,问题究竟出在哪儿呢?我们认为,主要有以下4个方面的问题:1. 读不懂; 2. 速度慢; 3. 归纳能力差;4. 准确度低。

  1. 读不懂怎么办?

  这是一个不少考生提出的普遍问题。我们认为,对于读不懂的问题,首先要检查原因,搞清楚不懂的是什么。是词汇量不够、不认识文中的生词,还是搞不清文章的结构?或是缺乏相关的背景知识,读了文章之后不知所云?然后根据自己的情况对症下药,解决好阅读理解中的问题。

  1) 突破词汇量

  对于第一种情况比较容易解决,一句话,努力扩大词汇量。高考英语大纲规定,考生应能掌握3,000左右的词汇以及相关词组。这3,000词汇是最低要求,必须死记硬背。此外,对词汇的掌握多多益善。因为据调查,阅读材料中生词一旦超过5%,就会造成阅读障碍。因此,要解决看不懂的问题,首要问题是攻克词汇关。当然,词汇量再大也没准会在考试阅读中碰到个别超纲词,总有看不懂的时候。在这种情况下,如果不影响对短文的理解和做题,就不必理会,目光一掠而过。但是如果是关键词,我们就必须通过上下文或其他手段猜测该词在文中的具体含义。

  2) 闯过语法结构关

  读不懂的第二种情况是语法功夫欠佳,需要在语法结构上下功夫。关于语法结构问题,高考英语大纲规定,考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求,其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习,以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。因此考生应当根据自己的情况,对英语语法知识进行系统地梳理,灵活运用。我们知道,高考阅读文章最明显的一个特征就是句子的结构复杂,而且比较长。因此,考生在考试阅读中读不懂,其关键问题是不知道如何对付长句,找不到句子的核心部分。所以,一定要学会解析长句,闯过难句理解这一关。关于长句的阅读训练,可采取层层抽丝拨茧法。其具体方法是:第一,对于有多个从句的长句,应该先找到主句的主体部分即主、谓、宾,然后再找从句的主体部分。一层一层进行,先把同一层次的看完,再进行下一层次的内容。第二,对于有很长插入成分的长句,先不要理会插入语,等把主句的意思看完再来分析插入语的意思和作用。第三,对于有分词状语或独立主格结构的长句,应该先分辨主句和从属部分,分清主次,不要错把从属部分当成了主句。当然,在实际的阅读过程中,可能会碰到以上三种情况都有的复杂句子,这个时候我们必须从前往后,抓住独立的谓语从而区别出主句和分词状语,再层层抽丝拨茧,找出从句,插入语到最后再去考虑。如果插入语是从句的就放在从句中分析,如果是主句的就放在主句中考虑。

  3) 掌握相关背景知识

  读不懂的第三种情况,单词全懂,语法都会,可就是读了文章之后不知所云。这种情况最令人头痛。这不仅仅是英语方面的问题,同时还涉及语言文化、风俗习惯、社会常识、逻辑分析等综合因素。这种情况凡是学外语的人或多或少都不可避免会遇到。举一简单的例子,英语中的很多成语、谚语都是一目了然的词语,可对中国读者来说却很费解。譬如下面几例:

  1. Everything in the room is at sixes and sevens. 房间里的一切东西都乱七八糟。

  2. It rains cats and dogs.大雨滂沱。

  3. Don´t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。(不必自寻烦恼。)

  几个句子中用的都是连小学生也学过的词语句法,但是高三学生生也不一定都看得懂。为什么呢?这就涉及语言文化、风俗习惯等问题。英语用sixes and sevens来表示杂乱的概念,而汉语则用“乱七八糟”;英语用cats and dogs表示滂沱大雨,汉语没有相应的习惯说法,只能舍去猫狗的形象;第三句英语看似不合逻辑:直到你到了桥边,不要跨过去。这是什么话啊,但学英语觉得硬着头皮去适应英语的语言文化、风俗习惯、不合逻辑的逻辑!就像汉语中的“救火”、“养病”、“吃食堂”之类,从字面上看,毫无逻辑可言,但非要这么说不可。由此可见,平时在阅读中广读博览、拓宽知识面,对于高考阅读是大有裨益的。阅读题材也仅仅限于一般性的题材,关键在于弄清楚自己不懂的真正原因何在,有的放矢地准备复习备考,这样才能获取满意的考试成绩。

  2. 阅读速度慢怎么办?

  不少考生没有掌握阅读的基本方法技巧,一遇到生词,便停顿下来,这样一来,阅读速度自然就慢,同时也不容易在通篇理解的基础上理解整句、整段或整篇的意思。还有的考生一看到生词或不熟悉的短语时,就返回句首甚至段首重读;另外,有的考生喜欢逐词逐句的将文章在大脑中翻译,通过译成母语来帮助自己理解,这些都是阅读速度慢的原因,考生应注意快速阅读文章的要领,文章无需句句必读。

  另一方面,词汇语法方面的薄弱会影响阅读的理解,因此大大影响阅读的速度。一场考试下来,很多考生感到考试中阅读时间不够用。有人甚至说,下来慢慢做,做对这些题几乎都不成问题。这说明什么问题呢?英语作为一种工具,熟能生巧。考试中的速度与平时的训练密切相关。平时阅读速度慢,考试只会更慢。相反,平日用得多,勤学苦练,考试中的速度自然而然也就上去了。

  以近两年的高考阅读为例,2007年5篇文章连题目在内总共1532个英语词汇,按国家要求的每分钟70个词的较高的阅读速度,也要22分钟才能读完,还不算选项做题的时间。高考英语考题并不难,难的是速度要求高,。很多考生都深有体会。

因此我们建议,考生在复习准备的时候,应该以阅读为中心,掌握必要的阅读方法技巧,通过阅读带动完型填空和书面表达和写作。阅读复习准备包括三个方面,一是精读,尽量仔细地阅读文章的内容,不漏掉其中的任何词句,不放过任何一种没搞清楚的语法现象,把握文章的主题和细节,注意文章里面的作者的论点和说明论点的论据。二是快读,在精读的基础上要加快阅读速度,达到每分钟60-80个词。这种阅读只抓要点、信息、针对提问准确地寻找答案,与提问无关的内容统统掠过不管。三是调整校正,也就是在精读与快读之间寻求一个平衡,摸索出一套适应自己的阅读做题速度——也就是考试中应把握的速度。

  3. 准确度低怎么办?

  阅读理解题中另一令考生畏难的问题是阅读的准确度低。有的考生甚至提出这样一个问题:在做阅读题的过程中,有时候一些看不太懂的文章错误比较少,全看懂了的文章反而出错较多,这是这么回事?

  我们认为,要解决阅读准确度低的问题,首先要弄清楚所谓“懂”与“不懂”之间的关系。“懂”与“不懂”是一相对的概念,懂的是全文的中心思想、细节数据还是大致意思?是全部词汇的字面意思还是其蕴含意义?且举一例,高考语文的阅读部分,几乎没有看不懂的考生,但又有多少人能拿满分呢?另一方面,高考阅读题有的文章容易一点,但题目的干扰性比较大,有的文章难,题目相对容易一点,这也是一个重要原因。全都看懂了的而做题出的错误多,很可能是因为题目的干扰性大,考生只从字面意义上懂一个大概,很难辨别题目干扰上的一些陷阱,这种情况也就是通常所说的文章易读题难做。与此相反,另一类阅读题(特别是有关学术探讨研究类)读起来很费劲,所出的题却多半是宏观性的试题,可以通过总结归纳推理判断解决,可能你觉得有一些细节没有理解,但是整个文章的思路清楚了,照样可以回答问题,这种现象也常有发生。但决不可能靠瞎蒙解决问题。要解决阅读的准确度低的问题,归根到底关键是要两方面的工作:首先,要把阅读的重点放在准确理解的基础上;其次,善于动脑筋,理解思路要与出题者的思路保持一致,也就是要思考对路,因为理解准确的内容不一定要考,关键在于把握住题意,对于考的是什么要做到心中有数。

  在此我们提出“三主一问”的方针供考生作为阅读理解的解题思路。所谓“三主”(主题、主线、主谓)即抓文章的主题思想、布局结构的主线以及各关键句子的主谓结构;“一问”即根据文章后面所设问题而思索:此题的考点在哪里?一篇文章要是抓住了全文的主题思想,领会了贯穿全文的结构线路,把握了关键句的主谓结构,针对问题找信息、答案,阅读中准确度低的问题也就比较容易解决了。

  另外一点也很重要:做完题之后的错误分析。每做完一套阅读题。不要只看做对了多少,做错了多少,重要的是仔细对照答案,分析失误的原因,然后针对所犯错误提出相应的改进措施,进行有针对性地阅读训练。只有平时阅读过关,考试中才能做到胸有成竹,立于不败之地。

  4. 碰到不认识的生词怎么办?

  考生最害怕在阅读中碰到生词,而在阅读时,遇到生僻的单词是不可避免的。如果一见到生词就不知所措,就必然会影响到对文章的理解。如果遇到这种情况,可以根据情况用不同的方法来解决问题。要是不认识的生词对理解文章的关系不大,就可以跳过去不管它;譬如这样一例:Some birds can swim on the water. A few, like the penguin and puffin, can also swim under water. 我们只需知道penguin和puffin是两种鸟就行了,不必将它们的具体名称弄个一清二楚。

 阅读中经常会遇到一些专有名词(包括人名、地名、组织机构名称等),一般都可以不作计较,必要的时候,用X、Y的字母代替它们就行了。,文章出现了若干复杂的人名、职务名:Colorado governor Richard Lamm, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone, Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O´Connor, C. Everett Koop,而且后面的提问与其中的一个人有关,我们分别记为Mr. L, Mr. R, Mr. O, Mr. K 即可,这样便省去了不必要的纠缠。

  当然,如果遇到的生词影响到了你对文章的理解,特别是作为考点出现在问题里,就要试着根据上下文、构词法或从句中认识的词中去猜测生词的意思,尽可能通过邻近你所熟悉的词的关系来了解该词在句中的作用和词义。如阅读出现的"Anthropology"一词,要求你明白。虽说超纲了,但根据构词法和上下文其含义已经解释得十分清楚:"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of. " 由此我们得知"Anthropology"一词源于希腊词语anthropos(人类)和logos(…研究)。要是还没有把握,再多看一句就更万无一失了:By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. (用这一名称,“人类学”包括了对整个人类的研究。)

第三节阅读理解的应试技巧与策略

  从考试角度考虑,阅读理解的关键要抓两点:一是准确无误,二是答题迅速。因此高考阅读需要解决的一个根本问题就是如何在有限的时间内高效率地完成阅读题。换言之,怎样才能做的又好又快——这就少不了快速阅读的方法技巧。常见的快读方法有计时阅读(Timed Reading)、略读(Skimming)、寻读(Scanning)、意群阅读(Sense Group Reading) 等。我们在此向大家一一介绍这些方法技巧。

  1. 计时阅读

  计时阅读是提高阅读速度最有效的方法之一。其具体的方法是:先记下起读时间(starting time),阅读完毕记,读完时间(finishing time),即可计算出本次阅读速度。以下面一道阅读样题为例:

  Elephants who paint aren´t new. Paintings by Ruby, an Asian elephant who lived at the Phoenix Zoo in Arizona, sold for up to $5,000 in the late 1980s, said Dick George, a consultant with the zoo.

  "Ruby was about seven months old when she first came to the zoo," said George. "She lived with a goat and some chickens, but she didn´t have an elephant companion for a number of years. She spent a lot of time drawing in the dirt with a stick to make her days more stimulating. Her keeper bought her some art supplies. ” George said, “Ruby was excited about painting right from the beginning. ”

  The elephants at the art academies in the Southeast Asia are taught to hold a paintbrush with the tip of their trunks. Initially, the keeper guides the elephant´ s trunk over the canvas (画布) and offers rewards for good performance.

  "It only takes a few hours to a day to teach them," said Mia Fineman, an art historian whose book When Elephants Paint is an illustrated history of the Asian Elephant Art and Conservation Project. 188

 1. Ruby was an Asian elephant_____.

  A. who was sold for a price as high as $ 5,000

  B. ho was famous for being the first painting elephant

  C. hose paintings sold for as high as $5,000

  D. ho started painting in the late 1980s.

 2. Why did Ruby start painting according to Dick George?

  A. Because she was seven years old.

  B. Because she was the first to come to the zoo.

  C. Because she learned a lot from the goat and the chickens.

  D. Because she had no elephant partners to play with.

  13. How did Ruby paint at the very beginning?

  A. She used a stick to draw in the dirt.

  B. She spent much time in the dirt.

  C. She stimulated herself every day.

  D. She painted with her keeper´ s art supplies.

3. To encourage the elephants to paint well, the keeper_____.

  A. bought them a lot of art supplies

B. made them excited at the beginning

  C. taught them to hold a paintbrush with their trunks

  D. reinforced the desired behaviors with rewards

4. When Elephants Paint is a book_____.

  A. on the history of arts

  B. about the painting elephants in Asia

  C. explaining how to teach elephants to paint

  D. chiefly theorizing about elephant art

  全文正文为188个词,5个问题209个词,总共397词。按每分钟70个词的速度,限时在5分半钟内完成阅读,再加上3分钟选择答案的时间,总共8分钟完成此题。

  要是限时不能完成怎么办?不要延长时间。无论如何,需要养成快速阅读的习惯。可考虑适当降低阅读材料的难度,从一些简单的阅读题开始训练,以后逐渐加大阅读的难度。这样坚持一段时间,速度也就随之上去了。

  由于快速阅读时精力高度集中,因此阅读时间不宜太长,一次半小时就行了。因为时间一长容易产生疲劳,精力分散,起不到强化训练的作用。每次练习后应及时总结,发现问题随手记下。这样长期坚持下去,必能收到明显的效果。

  2. 略读法

  略读又称浏览或掠读,就是迅速地阅读,以求抓住文章的梗概。略读的目的是为获得大意或者总体印象而进行阅读。略读作为一种快速阅读技巧对我们来说并不陌生。这就像我们看报纸时,几版、十几版的页面不可能一字不漏地往下看,只能用最快的速度找出主题,略掉一些无关紧要的细节或与主题不甚相干的部分,知道其中的大概内容即可。这种方法要求我们不要把眼睛盯在具体的每个单词上,而是要看篇章中的主题句或者是从篇章的结构着手,利用自己的推理能力,对文章的信息进行分析,从而归纳总结出主题。善于略读的人会有选择地阅读,跳过一些无关的句子、段落甚至是整页的内容,只看自己感兴趣的东西。训练有素的略读者的阅读速度可以达到每分钟1000个词以上。略读的关键在于一个“略”字,注意力应该集中在大意,而不是细节上。试以下文为例:

  Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me here and there.

  I have sought love, first because it brings ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.

  With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.

 Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.

  This has been my life, I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.

  使用略读法,我们的目光只去捕捉以下关键的字眼:

  第一段:Three passions,. . . , have governed my life: (l)the longing for love, (2)the search for knowledge, (3) unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind;

  第二段:I have sought love because (l) it brings ecstasy… ; (2) it relieves loneliness…; (3) I have seen…. the vision of the heaven;

  第三段:With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to (l) understand …; (2) to know why the stars shine…. And I have tried to apprehend ….

  第四段:Love and knowledge…led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. …I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.

  第五段:This has been my life, …and would gladly live it again.

  这样一来,大大减轻了阅读的负担,一篇近300词的文章,阅读其中的100个词就能概括全部的内容。略读归纳起来也就两句话:去粗取精,不失要点。

  3. 寻读法

  所谓“寻读”,就是通过目光扫视,以最快的速度从一篇文章中披沙拣金,迅速寻找出你所期望得到的某一具体情况、数据等。以日常生活为例。假如你要买一台价格适中、性能良好的计算机,你可浏览有关计算机广告。各种广告林林总总,品牌不同、功能各异、价格不等。你便可先从价格上考虑,通过寻读,找出几个你准备买的型号,然后从性能、信誉上进行比较,最选中你想买的那一台。同理,寻读法也常见于阅读考试的细节题中。这种方法的特点是有的放矢,为我所用。譬如根据提问查找某一人名、地名,某一件事发生的年月或其他类似的情况。工程硕士阅读理解的细节题寻读技巧利要是用得当,往往会省时省事,答案迅速而准确。以下面的一篇阅读为例,这是一篇天气预报,总计328个词。

  Questions 1-2 are based on the following weather forecast:

  Weather Forecast

  The following forecast shows for the listed cities the projected weather conditions and the expected range of temperatures from the afternoon high to the evening low.

Atlanta: Mostly fair. 88-70 T

Minneapolis : Mostly cloudy. 68-50 T

Boston: Partly cloudy. 78-61 T

New Orleans: Mostly fair. 92-73 T

Chicago: Thunderstorm likely. 82-67 °F

Philadelphia ; Hazy and warm. 90-68 T

Cleveland: Mostly cloudy. 84-68 T

Phoenix: Sunny and warm. 99-66 T

Dallas; Thunderstorms likely. 91-75 T

Pittsburg: Partly cloudy. 81-64 °F

Denver : Rain likely. 63-43 T

St. Louis: Thunderstorms likely. 86-70 T

Houston: Partly cloudy. 90-78 T

San Francisco; Mostly fair. 73-60 T

Kansas City: Thunderstorms likely. 73-63 °F

Seattle: Mostly fair. 74-50 T

Las Vegas:Sunny and warm. 93-56 T

Toronto ; Rain likely. 83-68 T

Los Angeles: Mostly sunny. 88-60 °F

Washington D. C. Partly cloudy. 88-72 T

Miami; Partly cloudy. 88-79 T

 

1. According to the forecast, _____.

  A. Kansas City will be warmer than Toronto

  B. temperatures will be the lowest in Seattle and Minneapolis

  C. the weather will be fine in most of the listed cities

  D. more than half of the listed cities are cloudy or rain likely

2. Among the following four cities, the difference between the afternoon high and the evening low is smallest in _____.

  A. Kansas City   B. Miami   C. Atlanta       D. Seattle

3. Which of the following cities is closest to Miami in weather conditions?

  A. Boston     B. Atlanta   C. Washington D. C.   D. Houston

4. The difference between the afternoon high and the evening low is greatest in _____.

  A. Seattle     B. Los Angeles  C. Las Vegas     D. Phoenix

 5. The differences between the afternoon high and the evening low are the same in _____.

  A. Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City, and St. Louis

  B. Atlanta, San Francisco, New Orleans, and Seattle

  C. Cleveland, Dallas, St. Louis, and Washington D. C.

  D. Pittsburg, Miami, Houston, and Boston

  通过寻读,我们很快就可以把目光定在全文最后一段的最后一句上:“Straitfold, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice”。题干问的是Straitfold以什么最感到自豪,“independent voice” 也即是“独立的声音”。将几个选项进行对比,稍加思索我们就不难找到正确答案:nonconformist image (不随大众的形象),所以选项B是正确答案。

  4. 意群阅读法

  所谓“意群”也即是有意义的语法结构(英语称作sense groups),通常为词组、短语。顾名思义,“意群阅读法”也就是按词组、短语在文中的组合意义整体阅读,而不是单个的词汇阅读。我们知道,词是语句的基本组成单位,意群是语句的基本构成单元。单个词并无多大意义,只有组合起来,在上下文关系中形成特殊的意群,才能获得特殊的、确定的意义。以前面“寻读”中的一句为例:Straitfold, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice,我们要是按9个单词汇一个个地读作Straitfold, says, Friedman, takes, pride, in, its, independent, voice,不但速度慢,而且形不成一个完整的意思。与此相反,要是我们将其分为4个意群来读:Straitfold, / says Friedman,/ takes pride in /its independent voice/,阅读效率就高多了。

  由此可见,意群阅读是提高阅读效率、把握文章整体的关键。因此,我们在阅读文章的时候,目光不应当停留在每个单词上,而应当放在中心词上,把目光集中在意群的中心,从一个意群中心词到另一个意群中心词,这样的意群整体扫描是提高阅读速度的行之有效之法。

  汉语常常用“一目十行”来形容某人读书速度快。英语的阅读训练有素者同样能达到这一境界。但对于一般的普通读者来说,能做到“一目数词”也相当不错了——这大大超出了大纲所规定的每分钟60个词的阅读速度。我们发现,阅读速度慢的人的阅读模式类似小学低年级学生读课本,看一个字读一个字,然后再想这个字的意思。这样的阅读方法眼睛再快也跟不上国家对高考阅读要求的速度。因此,要提高阅读速度,就得根除逐字阅读的坏习惯。而按意群阅读,既能提高目光的效率,又有利于整体思维,连词成句。下面读者不妨自己做这样一个比较,先按逐字阅读的习惯方法阅读以下段落,看看要用多少时间。

  Many small cultural groups live in places far away from modern cities. Some of these tribes have never had any communication outside of their small geographical areas. When they do contact the outside world, their lives usually change. Learning how to change without losing the best of their own cultures is a problem for them. How can primitive cultures learn to live in a technological world?How can they do this without becoming lost?(75词)

  然后再用意群阅读法阅读下面同一段落,看看共花多少时间。为了便于阅读,我们用分隔号“/”把句中的一个个意群隔开。

  Many small cultural groups/live in places/far away from modern cities. /Some of these tribes have never had/any communication/outside of their small geographical areas. /When they do contact/the outside world,/their lives usually change. /Learning how to change/without losing the best/of their own cultures/is a problem for them. /How can primitive cultures/learn to live/in a technological world?/How can they do this/without becoming lost?(18个意群)

  显而易见,采用“意群阅读法”能一眼同时看到三个词或五个词,甚至更多的词。这样就大大节省了阅读的时间,起到事半功倍的作用。

  5. 识别信号词

  所谓“信号词”(Signal Words) 是指一些在阅读中起着信号提示的词语。这些词语预示着将要读到的内容与上下文存在什么样的关系,或具有什么样的逻辑意思。因为我们知道,文章的句子不是无序地排列,而是按照一定关系,有目的、有规律地组织起来的。注意信号词能使我们了解作者的思路,理顺该句与上下文之间的逻辑关系,从而提高阅读理解的效率和准确率。请看下面这一段落:

  In that mill, I learned the process of making paper. First, the logs are put in the shredder. Then, they are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid. Next, they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. After this, it is passed through rollers to flatten it. Then, sheets of wet paper are produced. Finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.

  作者通过表示先后顺序的信号词first, then, next, after this, then 和finally, 有条不紊地描述出造纸工艺的整个过程。

  信号词的类别

  信号词可以归纳为下面几种:

  l)表示递进的信号词:

  after all, also, again, and then, as well as, further more, additionally, in addition, in other words, moreover, to repeat等;

  2)预示有相同或类似内容的信号词:

  and, also, moreover, further, likewise, in addition, besides, similarly, as well as, the same as等;

  3)预示有不同或相反内容出现的信号词:

  but, however, while, whereas, on the other hand, on the contrary, as apposed to, to the opposite, otherwise等;

4)表示因果关系的信号词:

  as, for, since, because, as a result, consequently, thus, so, therefore, for this reason, so that, thereby等;

  5)表示条件性的信号词:

  if, in case, assuming that, on condition that, on the supposition that, provided that等;

  6) 表示总结性内容的信号词:

  in short, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, as a result, in sum, to sum up, by and large, to conclude等;

  7) 表示先后关系顺序的信号词:

  before, after, another, first, next, then, last, finally, afterwards, later on, since then, eventually, in the end, at last等;

  8) 表示解释、举例说明关系的信号词:

  for example, for instance, such as, to illustrate, evidently, obviously, in other words, that is to say, the same as等;

  9) 表示目的的信号词:

  in order to, in order that, so that, so as to, for the purpose that等。

  下面一例考试的一段文字录音稿就有带有各类不同功能的信号词。

  If you´re in your 20s, you own your first car, your career is more or less launched, and you´re starting to look forward to own­ing a home. But you´re worried, too. Perhaps you´ve got some debt. You probably don´t have much in the way of savings. And with all your expenses, it doesn´t look like you´ll be able to improve that situation soon.

  If you wonder how to cut corners, there´s an obvious place to look—at your spending habits.

  Do you buy a soda each weekend? Waste $1 a day for 40 years and, when you´re set to retire, you´ll find your account is short by $190,000. Grab a calculator and you´ 11 discover that, over 40 years, going out to dinner twice a month at $40 each time amounts to half a million. Even a pack-a-day cigarette habit will lighten your retirement account by $330,000. And the same with cable TV and those cool earrings. They will probably amount toas much as one million.

  So, the first clue to accumulating wealth is this: focus on your spending habits.

  要是我们能把握住其中的黑体字信号词,那么将有助于全文的理解,提高做题的效率。

  6. 猜测不认识的词语

  在阅读文章的过程中,考生面临最大的问题是遇到不认识的单词或短语,或者认识的单词在文章中有了新的含义。如果这些词或短语不影响对文章主要内容的理解,考生便可以将它们略过,不中断阅读。如果这些词语的意思对正确理解文章很重要,就必须根据上下文的联系,根据构词法或其他方法对它们的意义进行猜测,使之不影响对整篇文章的理解。猜测词义通常可采用以下几种方法。

  1) 利用上下文确定词义

  通过上下文来猜测词意是阅读考试中最常用的重要手段之一,联系上下文可以帮助我们理解句子,确定词义。下面我们通过一些实例来简要说明如何通过上下文来确定词义。

例1:He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.

  对于dynamic一词大家可能不熟悉,下文的He seems to have unlimited energy…(他似乎有用不完的劲)就是对 dynamic词义的解释。这样,我们便知道该词意为“有干劲的”。

  例2:Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society。

  假定sociology是一个不认识的词,系动词be后面就给出了明确的定义。这样,我们便知道该词意思为“社会学”。

  例3:A first-year college or university student is commonly a ´freshman´, and ´sophomore´, ´junior´ and ´senior´ des­ignate the second—third—and fourth—year student.

  要是对sophomore, junior 和senior几个术语不熟悉,通过后面的对应解释词语the second—third—and fourth—year student我们便不难知道它们分别是指二、三、四年级的大学生。

  例4:The tired soldiers trudged through knee-deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep.

  通过后面的through knee-deep mud(没膝深的泥浆),我们知道trudged一词的意思为与行走这一动作有关,在泥浆中行走,也就是“跋涉”。

  例5:When it comes to manufactured goods there is actually more diversity in this country than Europe has ever known. The variety of goods carried by our stores is the first thing that impresses any visitor from abroad。

  第二句中的variety与第一句中的diversity 同义,这样,我们便不难知道diversity的大意是“种类”或“品种”。

  下面我们联系上下文,试确定以下各句中斜体字的含义。

  1. The woman and the children were skilful in boats too, but there were usually several of them in a large boat called umiak.

  2. The doctor said that if a person ate even one leaf of the hemlock plant, he would die, because the plant is a deadly poison.

  3. Although dogs and cats often have large families, rabbits are famous for the size of their litters, which sometimes number more than twelve bunnies at one time.

  4. Mark became hysterical when his basketball team won, and he did not calm down for several days.

  5. With mud from head to toe, flowers still clutched in his hand, John looked so ludicrous that we couldn´t help laughing.

  6. A bee collects nectar not in its own stomach but in a kind of shopping bag (called the honey sac) similar to the one ants have.

  7. Several generations ago, the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything is in a state of turmoil.

  8. After the first time someone tried to rob him, the banker became flustered easily, and in his confusion he would make many careless errors.

  9. Jane was intrigued by the behavior of animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.

10. Some chimps are very independent and appear to be the superior members of a group; others seem to be ruled by the leaders and are quite submissive.

  通过上串下联,我们不难确定上述各句中斜体字的含义如下:

  1. umiak n. 一种大船

  2. hemlock n. 一种有毒植物(毒芹)

  3. litter n. 一窝 bunnies小兔子

  4. hysterical a. 歇斯底里,异常兴奋

  5. ludicrous a. . 滑稽可笑的

  6. nectar n. 花蜜honey sac蜜胃

  7. turmoil n. 混乱

  8. flustered a. 慌乱的

  9. intrigued a. 感兴趣

  10. submissive a. 顺从的

2) 利用构词法确定词义

  掌握英语构词法,是提高阅读速度的技巧之一。在很多情况下,通过构词分析,便能理解不认识生词的含义,不至于中断阅读。因此,考生应当有效地利用自己所熟悉的词缀(包括前缀和后缀)和词根,通过构词法来是确定生词的含义。

  例1:Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy.

  Chemotherapy 是由chemo(意为chemical)和therapy (意为treatment),整个单词意思就是“化学疗法”。

  例2:They overestimate the interviewee´s ability and asked turn many difficult questions.

  overestimate =over (过分、过度)+estimate (估计)。因此overestimate的词义可猜测为“过高估计”。

  例3:The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught.

  句中的imperceptible 一词由前缀im-(非,不)+词根percept(感知、觉察)+后缀 -ible(能……的)构成。几部分组合在一起,也就是“难以觉察的”之意。

  例4:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003工程硕士英语第62题)

  其中的dispassioned为超纲词,我们可根据构词法dis + passion + ed知其大概意思:除掉激情的,也即是“冷静的”。

  3) 利用语法知识确定词义

  在很多情况下,各种语法知识可以帮助我们来判断词性、词义。

  例1:This set of books is for children. The first book of the sequence, which is one of the most popular series of children´s stories, is a group of stories about the inhabitants of a village.

  假定我们不认识sequence,利用定语从句which is one of the most popular series of children´s stories, 其中series就与sequence 同义,也就是“丛书”的意思。

  例2:For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person.

  利用同位语a small boat for one person我们知道kayak是一种单人小船。

例3:A solar eclipse—when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun—in an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely.

  通过破折号解释我们知道solar eclipse为“日食”。

  例4:Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of provid­ing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.

  通过后面的解释我们知道Ventilation为“通风,流通空气”之意。

  例5:The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient´s heartbeat and breathing.

  Stethoscope一词大家都不熟悉,通过后面的同位语解释an instrument for listening to a patient´s heartbeat and breathing,我们便能理解stethoscope的确切词义,即“听诊器”或“听筒”的意思。

  4) 根据同义、反义关系确定词义

  阅读中,特别是要注意表示反意的信号词:in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to等,利用这些同义、反义关系,可以帮助我们确定词义。

  例1:My sister Mane is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.

  从while的转折关系可知optimist意思是“one who expects the best”, 即“乐观的”。

  例2:Mother was tall, fat, and middle aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as Mother, and much shorter.

  根据Mother was tall, fat以及后面as plump as的同义关系,我们知道plump为“丰满的”之意。(安通学校提供)

  例3:Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying.

  concoct一词大家不熟悉,根据but的转折关系我们知道在此句中与was lying的含义大体相同,由此可知concoct的大概意思是“编造谎话”。

  例4:A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloof—not friendly, of distance from others.

  假定我们不认识aloof一词,破折号后的反义关系:“不友好,冷漠” 就解释了aloof一词的含义。

  5)利用逻辑推理和常识确定词义

  有时候,逻辑推理和自身的生活经验及普通常识能帮助我们确定词义。

  例1:Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen.

  凭常识我们不难猜出fins, slimy和scales的确切意思分别是“鳍”、“滑溜的”和“鳞”,对于eels一词,我们只需知道是fish的一种(鳝鱼类)就行了。

  例2:Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater.

  根据前半句的Not wanting to disturb(不愿打扰),我们便可大致推测出gingerly一词的含义:“小心翼翼地”。

  例3:A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with a

bulb at one end.

  凭常识我们知道温度计下面的bulb是“水银球”。

  例4:Most troubles can be avoided, but death and taxes are in­evitable.

  凭常识我们知道死亡和税收是不可避免的(in­evitable)事情。

第四节阅读应试的基本方法步骤

  前面我们详细地介绍了阅读理解的基本方法技巧,现在向大家介绍怎样把这些基本方法技巧用于阅读应试。

  阅读应试的基本方法有3种,一种是略读,第二种是精读(scrutinizing),第三种是寻读。前面我们谈到,略读是一种快速阅读方法,在非常短的时间内浏览全文获得文章的中心思想和主要事实。精读则是仔细阅读每句话,理解分析其含义,弄清句与句之间的逻辑关系,进而理解整个段落的意思。而寻读则是通过目光扫视,迅速确定你所期望得到的信息的位置。通过略读,我们可以了解材料的结构安排和主要信息,而精读是针对考题中的某些信息或难点做具体细致的解析,而寻读则在解题过程中起着一个定位的作用。

  不少考生常常提出这样一个问题:做阅读理解题是先读文章还是先读后面的问题呢?我们认为,答案因人而异。英语水平较高,阅读速度较快的考生可以先通读短文,一边阅读一边思考文章的主旨大意, 理解文章的细节, 基本理解原文之后再看考题及选项并做出选择,遇上个别无把握的题时再回头查阅短文的相关部分,仔细推敲定夺,以求准确无误得高分。但这种方法只适合那些有能力获取优异成绩的考生,其优点是对文章有一个总的概念和印象,缺点是,费时间,对文章的细节记不清楚。对于大多数考生来说,考试的时间较为紧迫,我们建议使用以下几个步骤:

  第一步:略读短文把握方向

  用尽量短的时间扫视短文每段的第一句和最后一段的最后一句。因为各段的主题句往往在句首,而文章的最后一句很可能是概括总结。略读的目的是掌握短文的主旨大意,做到对全文的内容心中大致有数,有一个思考的方向。

  第二步:浏览问题,有的放矢

  浏览题目,揣测出题者出此题的目的并侧重阅读短文相关部分。由于对所问问题及文章主旨都已有所了解,在阅读时自然会知道哪些地方得细读哪些地方可一带而过甚至跳过不读。所有问题都是根据文章内容提出的,基本反应并覆盖了文章内容的主干。先阅读问题再阅读全文可以做到“成竹在胸”。

  第三步:分析判断确定答案

  有了前两步的定位,第三步就该敲定答案了。这一步是做题的关键,一不小心就会前功尽弃。需要注意的是,一些看似简单的问题,不能掉以轻心;尤其当文章内容涉及常识或你所熟悉的知识范畴时,事实、观点要以文章为准,而不能跟着自己的感觉走。因为这里考的是你的阅读理解能力,而不是你对某种文化、知识的掌握程度,因此选择答案绝对不能脱离文章内容或作者观点,单凭自己的主观判断解决问题。

  这种三步到位方法其优点是事半功倍,考生可以抓紧时间,集中精力进行有针对性地阅读、解题。其缺点是有时可能会遗漏关键细节,从而产生理解偏差,答错题。因此做完之后再忙也应抽出一定的时间将答案检查一遍。

  对于英语水平相对较低,阅读速度较慢的考生来说不妨直接从第二步开始:先浏览所有五道题的题目,对文章所涉及的内容有个粗略的估计或了解。然后逐一解答。先寻读短文的相关部分,然后选择正确答案。如遇有关文章主旨大意或需要推理的题可先放一放,等做完其他题再做这类题会容易一些。先难后易,各个击破。这种方法能在相对短的时间里做完阅读理解部分,但准确率不高。对于那些如采用上述前两种方法则在规定时间内根本做不完试题,对文章只能一知半解看了后面忘前面,词汇量不足的考生来说不能不说是一种万不得已的办法。

  另外,在阅读过程中,不妨在自己认为比较重要的某些句子或词语(主题句,关键词)下面划线,标上记号,这样有助于突出重点,活跃思维,同时也便于阅读,节省时间,使阅读更加积极。并且对于记忆力稍差的考生而言,记住几个重要句子和信息要比记住全文容易得多了。所以,我们建议对阅读文章中的主要句子和关键词标出记号并重点阅读。

 第四节阅读理解应试题型详解

  根据命题要求阅读理解考题可分为5类:1. 主旨题;2. 细节题;3. 词汇题;4. 推断题;5. 是非判断题。其中细节题所占比例最大,其次为主旨题、推断题、语义题。是非题判断题视具体情况可列入细节题或推断题类,我们在此就不作专题介绍了。需要特别提醒大家的是:不同的题型应采用不同的阅读方法技巧和解题思路。

  1. 主旨大意题

  这类考题旨在考查考生对文章主旨大意的理解和概括归纳能力。考题中往往出现下列词汇:subject, topic, theme, title, main idea, purpose等等,这类考题的设问特点可以大致归纳为以下几个方面:

  1.就文章的写作目的,或人物或事件提问;

  2.就文章的标题提问;

  3. 就全文或某段的中心思想或主题提问。

  这类题的提问主要有以下几种:

  1.What is mainly discussed in this passage?

  2.What is the author´s main concern?

  3.The main idea of this passage maybe best expressed as__________.

  4.The selection informs us that_________.

  5.Which sentence contains a statement of the theme?

  6.The best title for this passage could be ___________.

  7.The article was written to explain ___________.

  8.The main purpose of this article is to explain __________.

  9.In this passage the author tries to interpret ___________.

  10.The topic of the passage is _________.

  11.The passage (or paragraph) mainly deals with _________.

  在阅读时应该注意文章的主旨句和每段的主题句。文章的中心思想往往是每段的主题句的综合。另外,干扰选项的特点多是以偏概全,只说到文中的某一点而不能全面概括文章的中心思想,或是范围太大,超出了文章的中心内容。所以在做主旨题时,我们先可以略读,找出每段的主题句,然后将主题句综合起来就是文章的中心思想。在选择答案时,根据自己总结的大意,就可以用排除法将干扰选项剔除。请看下面几例。

  主旨大意题例1

  主题句:It was once thought that air pollution affected only the area immediately around large cities with factories and/or heavy automobile traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide.

  问题:This passage is primarily concerned with______.

  A. the greenhouse effect

  B. the burning of fossil fuels

  C. the potential effect of air pollution

  D. the likelihood of a new ice age

  主题句的大意是:人们曾认为空气污染仅限于大城市周围,因为这些地方工厂密集,交通拥挤。如今我们知道,虽然这些地方空气污染最厉害,但空气污染实际上是全球范围的。选项A:温室效应;选项B:燃烧化石燃料;选项C:空气污染的潜在影响;选项D:新冰河时期的可能性。通过对主题句的理解,我们可选定正确答案为C。

 大意题例 2

  主题句:The media can impact current events.

  问题:The best title for the passage is ______.

  A. The 1992 Los Angeles Riots

  B. The Impact of Media on Current Events

  C. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots

  D. How Media Cover Events

  主题句的大意是:媒介可以影响时事。选项A和C均与主题无关;选项B:媒介对时事的影响;选项D:媒介是怎样报道事件的。找准了主题句,我们就可选定正确答案为B.

  2. 细节题

  文章的作者往往要用具体事实和细节来证明、分析、解释中心思想、段落大义等主旨。细节题测试考生对文中事实和有关细节的理解程度。考生应特别注意有关who, when, where, what, whose, how why 等问题的内容。细节题的常见题干有:

  1. What causes……?

  2. What is special about …?

  3. Why does the writer …. ?

  4. It can be seen from this passage that…. . ?

  5. Which of the following characterizes …. . ?

  6. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?

  7. Which of the following statement is (NOT) true?

  8. The writer mentions all of the following EXCEPT ______.

  9. According to the passage who (when, where, what, whose, how)…

  10. The reason for … is ________.

  11. …. can be attributed to _________.

  12. …. in that _________.

  13. What does the example of …. illustrate?

  14. The example of …in the passage is used to _______.

  15. The author state that_______.

  16. The author quotes …. in paragraph x because _______.

  这类题的题干和正确答案在含义上通常相等于原文中某部分内容,但通常表达方式不同。如:使用不同的语态句式,同义词,反义词(或词组)。也有的细节题需要在理解相关原文内容的基础上做出简单推理和计算。文中的具体事实和细节不是孤立存在的而是前后呼应,相辅相成的。这类考题在试卷中所占比例最大,其出题顺序一般和文章内容的先后顺序一致。干扰选项往往使用原文中的一些表达方式,但其陈述与原文不符或部分不符,或虽与大众常识、流行观点一致,但却与作者观点或原文内容相悖或原文根本未提及。(安通学校提供)

  在一般情况下,阅读考试中遇到细节题应先通读或略读全文,了解全文和各段的主旨大意,然后再做题。要先看清考题的题干,特别注意其关键词“Where? When? Which? Who?”,然后找到相应段落,进而找出相应陈述,仔细阅读,并根据上下文思索其真实含义。最后是比较选项,排除干扰项,选择正确答案。

  细节题例1

  原文:As the heat increases, the young hurricane begins to swirl in a counter-clockwise motion.

  The counter-clockwise swirling of the hurricane is brought about by ______.

 A. the low-pressure area in the center of the storm

  B. the force of waves of water

  C. the trade winds

  D. the increasing heat

  根据原文的As the heat increases,我们知道正确答案为D:反时针方向的旋涡是因为热度加大而造成的。

  细节题例 2

  原文:In a barter economy it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task.

  A barter economy is one in which ___.

  A. value is decided by weight

  B. value is decided by number

  C. goods are exchanged and money is not used

  D. money is used and goods are not exchanged

  根据原文的上下文,我们可猜测出barter economy就是“物物交换经济”,由此可知正确答案为C:货物被交换,而不是用货币。

  3. 词汇题

  此类题旨在考查考生对某些关键词语或句子在特定的语境中含义的理解能力;通过上下文或构词法猜测判断某些超纲词汇或表达方式的意义的能力。因此考生所掌握的词汇量的大小直接影响这一类题的得分率。这类考题的正确答案往往是相应词语的同义词语,或是对相应语句的解释、复述或概括。其余三个选项,往往是对原相应表达方式的不正确的改写,或故意丢三拉四,或半对半错,或曲解原意。这些干扰项有时会使用较多的原句中的表达方式,给人似是而非的误导。

  语义题的常见出题形式有:

  1.The phrase……. in paragraph X most probably means__________.

  2.1The word ……in Line X Paragraph Y can be best replaced by ____________.

  3.According to the author, the word …… means___________.

  4.The sentence ……. . in paragraph X refers to__________.

  5.According to this passage, the expression…… can be interpreted as___________.

  6.What does the author probably mean by …… in the first paragraph?

  7.The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that _________.

  8.From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ________.

  词汇题例1

  原文:A typical hurricane brings 6 to 12-inch downpours resulting in sudden floods.

  Apparently the word "downpour" in the last paragraph means _____.

  A. heavy rainfallB. dangerous waves

  C. the progress of water to the hurricane centerD. the energy produced by the hurricane

  根据上下文brings 6 to 12-inch….resulting in sudden floods可知道此处的downpour为倾盆大雨,因此正确答案为A。

  词汇题例2

  原文:Therefore, they are continually discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere.

The phrase “sour the pleasures of society” most nearly means _____.

  A. have a good taste to the pleasures of society

  B. aren´t content with the pleasures of society

  C. feel happy with the pleasures of society

  D. enjoy the pleasures of society

  根据下文的offend many people, and make themselves disagreeable我们知道sour一词在此处为贬意词,因此可选择B:对社会的愉悦感到不满意。

  词汇题例 3

  原文: There are no large worthwhile reserves of potential farmland remaining, and good fertile land is continually being changed into industrial use. Moreover, erosion of the soil takes a constant toll.

  “Erosion” in the last sentence of the second paragraph probably means _____.

  A. “washing away”          B. “taking away”

  C. “digging up”            D. “picking up”

  根据上下文可知erosion为“侵蚀”之意,所以正确答案为A.

  解词汇题除了需要扎实的词汇基本功之外,前一节中所讲的利用上下文、利用构词法、利用语法知识、根据同/反义关系、利用逻辑/常识猜测词义都不失为解题的好办法。尤其是上下文和构词法,这两个方法是解词汇题的最常用的法宝。

  请看下面这段文字:

  The vertebrates can be divided into five groups: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

  FISH. These live in water. Most of them have a body covered in scales. They breathe with gills in the neck and their shape is often pointed so that they can move easily through the water. The tail is flattened from side to side to push against the water as they swim. Most fish lay eggs and do not look after their young.

  AMPHIBIANS. These can live on land or in the water. Their bodies are often smooth and their skin is damp. They breathe with lungs or through their skins but some also breathe with their mouth. They have two pairs of limbs and lay their eggs in water. These eggs hatch to produce a larva or tadpole which looks very different from the parents. The tadpole grows and then changes to look like the parent.

  REPTILES. These live on land or in the water. Their bodies are covered with scales. They breathe with lungs and have two pairs of legs (except the snakes and some lizards). They lay their eggs in warm places on land and the eggs hatch to produce a small an­imal just like the parent.

  BIRDS. These live on land. Some can swim on the water. A few, like the penguin and puffin, can also swim under water. Their bodies are covered with feathers. Birds breathe with lungs and have two pairs of limbs. The front limbs are the wings used for flying. They lay eggs and keep them warm with their bodies until they hatch. Then they look after the young chicks until they can

fend for themselves.

  MAMMALS. This group includes Man. Mammals can live on land or in the water. The whale and the dolphin live in the sea. The bats have wings and can fly. All mammals breathe with lungs and often have bodies covered with hair. They have two pairs of limbs. They produce live young (there are two excep­tions: the duck— billed platypus and the spiny ant-eater, who both lay eggs) and feed them with milk that the mother makes in her special glands. The parent animals look after their young until they are old enough to look after themselves.

  其中的斜体字词语vertebrates脊椎动物,amphibians两栖动物, reptiles爬行动物,mammals哺乳动物, scales鳞, gills鳃,flattened扁平的,larva幼虫, tadpole蝌蚪, lizards蜥蜴,penguin企鹅,puffin海雀,chicks雏鸟, fend照料, dolphin海豚, platypus鸭嘴兽, ant-eater食蚁兽, glands 腺等,都是超纲词和专业术语,但通过上下文,我们都能理解其大致意思。

  另外,掌握一些必要的词根、词缀,对词加深的理解,扩大词汇量都大有裨益。下面是常用的一些英语词根及其例词,考生不妨接着往后面补充添加自己所熟悉的例词。

  ambula = walk例词:ambulance; ambulant

  ann=year例词:annual; anniversary

  audi = hearing 例词:audience; audible

  auto = self例词:automation; autobiography;

  bio=life例词: biology; biography

  capit=head例词:capital; decapitate

  ced, cess = go; move例词:unprecedented;process

  chron=time例词:chronology; synchronal

  cide = kill; cut例词:suicide; bactericide

  confid= trust例词: confide; confidential

  cred = trust; belief例词:credit; credulous

  cur = run; move例词:current; incursion

  dic/dict = say; speak例词:indicate; dictate

  duce/duct = lead; take 例词:introduce; conduct

  equ = same; equal例词:equality; equator

  fact = make; do例词:manufacture; factory

  fer = carry; bring例词:ferry; transfer

  frag = break例词:fragile, fragment

  gen = produce例词:genetics; generate

  ject= throw例词:eject;injection

  mit/miss = send例词:emit; vomit

  port = carry例词:porter; passport

  pose = put; place例词:propose; dispose

  simil = like 例词:similarity; simile, similar

  spec(t) = see; look at 例词:inspect; expect; retrospect

  tarn = hold例词:maintain, attain, retain

  tract = draw 例词:attract; tractor; distract

  vent = come 例词:advent; convent; contravention

  vert /vers = turn 例词:version; convert; subvert

vid /vis=see 例词:visit; vision; invisible

  volv = roll例词:evolve; revolution

  4. 正误判断题

  正误判断题常用提问方式

  1. Which of the following statements is (not) true?

  2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the article?

  3. Which of the following does not explain. . . ?

  4. Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author?

  5. Which of the following is not listed as . . . ?

  6. All of the following fire true except. . .

  7. The author mentions al 1 Of the items listed below except. . .

  8. The author(passage)does not tell us . . .

  正误判断题答题策略

  1 正确理解4个判断选项,分辨出其间的差异;

  2 确定各个判断句在原文中的大致位置,将其与原文进行比较;

  3 避免以偏概全,同样也须避免极端;

  4 最后对照原文通过比较鉴别,选出正确答案。

  正误判断例1

  原文:In addition to genetics, they say, intelligence depends on an adequate diet, a good home environment, parental attention, and education

  Which of the following statements is not true?

  A. The whole world is raced with the problem of the increasing population.

  B. Some scientists argued that birth control can affect the level of intelligence.

  C. Genetics is one of the main factors to intelligence.

  D. Food, family attention and education have nothing to do with intelligence.

  对照原文,通过比较鉴别,我们可知正确答案为C:遗传基因是影响智力的主要原因之一。

  A和B与原文无关,D太极端,因此只有C符合题意。

  正误判断例2

  原文:Hydroponics was once a complicated and expensive business, now it is well out of the experimental stage.

  Which of the following statements is not true of hydroponics?

  A. Hydroponics is still too complicated and expensive for practical use.

  B. Hydroponics is considered a revolutionary method of agriculture.

  C. Hydroponics has created wonders in agriculture.

  D. Hydroponics has already been employed in food production.

  根据now it is well out of the experimental stage早就走出了试验阶段,可知正确答案为D:水栽法已经用于食物生产。

  5. 推断、引申题

  在一篇文章中,作者有时没有将某一个问题、观点直接或正面陈述出来,而是隐含在字里行间,这就要求考生对所隐含的意义作推断。这类考题要求考生在深刻理解原文的基础上从正面或反面进行推理和判断下述东西:作者的写作意图或思路、观点倾向、文章来源、文章标题、上文或下文应涉及内容或主题,某些数字或细节等。在做这种题型的过程中,除了需要考生准确、透彻地理解原文外,还要求考生有一定的推理能力。推断题的题干中常见词语包括:imply, suggest, infer, conclude, infer, author´s point of view等;(安通学校提供)

这类题常见的题干有:

  1 The first sentence of paragraph 3 implies that ___________________.

  2. From the last paragraph we can infer that_______________________.

  3. The passage suggests that_______________________-.

  4. The paragraph following the last paragraph of this passage would most likely deal with_____________________.

  5. What is the author´s attitude toward the future of ______________________?

  6. The author´s attitude towards the issue seems to be ____.

  7. The author´s attitude towards the issue of “…” is ______.

  8. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ______.

  9. The author implies that ______.

  10. It can be concluded that _____等等。

  推断、引申题1

  原文:Do you forget to turn off die lights and heaters when you go out of a room? In 2040 it will not matter. They will turn themselves off—and on again when you return.

  The author intends to tell the readers that in year 2040 _____.

  A. they win live without lights and heaters

  B. they will me much more lights and beaten

  C. lights and heaters will be on and off automatically

  D. there will be no switches of lights and beaten

  根据原文的They will turn themselves off—and on again when you return我们可以大致推论出答案为C:灯和加热器会自动打开和关闭。

  推断、引申题2

  原文:All this activity did not prevent RobertSpring from dying in poverty, leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the originals.

  The author in the passage implied that _____.

  A. RobertSpring was highly skilled in coping handwriting and imitating signature

  B. RobertSpring died in poverty

  C. Robert established a bookstore in Philadelphia in 1858

  D. forgeries are casually sold to persons who aren´t experts

  根据原文的All this activity did not prevent Robert Spring from dying in poverty可以论出答案为B:Robert Spring死于贫困。

  推断、引申题 3

  原文:One such investigation led to the arrest of the man accused of sending the extremely dangerous Melissa virus, a computer virus that destroyed files in computers around the world in the spring of 1999.

  How dangerous was Melissa virus back in 1999?

  A. It destroyed computer files worldwide.

  B. Many agents took up the case.

  C. Technicians, experts, and a student were investigated

D. Telephone lines and computers were destroyed.

  根据原文的a computer virus that destroyed files in computers around the world可以论出答案为A:它摧毁了全世界的电脑文档。

  推断题的特点是:其正确答案无法从原文的表面意义中找到,考生必须从字里行间寻找推断深层含义。对作者的总的态度和倾向,必须在通读全文、掌握了主题思想和主要事实后,才能做出判断。因此从某种意义上说,推断题是最难做的题。做这类题应注意深刻理解原文,找出相关的关键词语或句子,再由此采用归纳、演绎等逻辑思维方法推断从而排除错误答案,找出正确答案。需要指出的是,推理时应以原文中相关的关键词语或句子为基础或依据,且忌凭空或按考生自己的常识瞎推断。

  阅读理解题中推断作者态度是最难的部分,得分档次也在这方面拉开了差距。因此,我们提出以下几点供考生在阅读中领会作者的观点、意图和态度。

  1. 要学会辨别清楚文章的文体。高考阅读试题设计到各类文章,而以议论文为主,文章的主题句、核心句往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度立场;阅读理解中也有说明文、描述文。前者因为其体裁的客观性,所以作者的态度也往往采取中立。而后者因为其文章观点往往不直接提出,而且作者写作时也常带有某种倾向性,所以,要求考生在读这种文体时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词式短语,捕捉那些烘托气氛,渲染情感的词句。

  2. 对于综合性判断情感态度的题,需要分析段落大意,分析文章的走向,理解文章中心思想、段落大意,而后才能判断出作者的情感态度。

  3. 要学会区分不同的观点——尤其要善于找出作者的观点。考生要注意文中出现的直接引语和间接引语,出现的观点(一般是当事人的观点,而不是作者的观点)。作者的观点一般用in my view, in my opinion, personally, I think, I hold等词语表现。

  4. 对于选项而言,要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词,以此对照全文。下面是一些常见的有关作者态度的褒贬词语。

  1)表示褒义的词语

  positive赞成的,supporting支持的,praising赞扬的,optimistic乐观的,admiring羡慕的, interesting有趣的,humorous幽默的,serious严肃的,enthusiastic热情的,pleasant愉快的,polite礼貌的,concerned关切的,sober冷静的,等;

  2)表示中性的词语

  indifferent冷淡的,不关心的;impassive冷淡的,不动感情的;uninterested无兴趣的,不感兴趣的;ambivalent情绪矛盾的;neutral中立的;impersonal不带个人感情的;subjective主观的;objective客观的;informative提供信息的;impartial不偏袒的;apathetic漠不关心的,等;

  3)表示贬义的词语

  disgusted感到恶心的,厌恶的;critical批评的;negative 否定的,反对的;suspicious怀疑的;tolerant容忍的,忍让的;worried 担忧的;pessimistic悲观的;depressed沮丧的;disappointed 失望的;ironic讽刺的;sarcastic挖苦的;bitter痛苦的;cynical 玩世不恭的;sentimental 感伤的;emotional激动的;angry气愤的,等。

  最后需要着重提醒广大考生的是:阅读理解的种种方法技巧,对不同英语水平的考生有不同的指导作用,但归根到底,最重要一点还是要建筑在准确理解的基础上加之大量的有针对性的练习。我们可以归纳出这样三个要点:高考阅读要过关,考出好成绩一是思想重视,二是方法得当,三是要有足够的训练保证。

Reading Comprehension 1

Passage 1

  “ Family” is of course an elastic word. But when British people say that their society is based on family life, they are thinking of “family” in its narrow, peculiarly European sense of mother, father and children living together alone in their own house as an economic and social unit. Thus, every British marriage indicates the beginning of a new and independent family—hence the tremendous importance of marriage in British life. For both the man and the woman, marriage means leaving one´s parents and starting one´s own life. The man´s first duty will then be to his wife, and the wife´s to her husband. He will be entirely responsible for her financial support, and she for the running of the new home. Their children will be their common responsibility and theirs alone. Neither the wife´s parents nor the husband´s, nor their brothers or sisters, aunts or uncles, have any right to interfere with them—they are their own masters.

  Readers of novels like Jane Austen´s Pride and Prejudice will know that in former times marriage among wealthy families were arranged by the girl´s parents, that is, it was the parents´ duty to find a suitable husband for their daughter, preferably a rich one, and by skillful encouragement to lead him eventually to ask their permission to marry her. Until that time, the girl was protected and maintained in the parents´ home, and the financial relief of getting rid of her could be seen in their giving the newly married pair a sum of money called a dowry. It is very different today. Most girls of today get a job when they leave school and become financially independent before their marriage. This has had two results. A girl chooses her own husband, and she gets no dowry.

1. What does the author mean by “Family is of course an elastic word”?

  A.Different families have different ways of life.

  B. Different definitions could be given to the word.

  C. Different nations have different families.

  D.Different times produce different families.

 2. For an English family, the husband´s duty is ____.

  A. supporting the family while the wife is financial

  B. defending the family while the wife is running the home

  C. financial while the wife is running the home

  D. independent while the wife is dependent

 3. Everything is decided in a family ____.

  A.by the coupleB. with the help of their parents

  C. by brothers and sistersD. with the help of aunts and uncles

 4. What is true concerning the book  Pride and Prejudice?

  A. It is the best book on marriage.

  B. It is a handbook of marriage.

  C. It gives quite some idea of English social life in the past.

  D. It provides a lot of information of formertime wealthy families.

 5.With regard to marriage in Britain, present-day girls differ from former time girls in ____.

  A. the right marry       B. more parental support

  C. choosing husbands    D. social position

  1.【答案】B。

  【解析】此句主要是考察对elastic这个单词的理解,elastic的意思是“有弹性的,可伸缩的,不是固定不变的”,整句话的意思是“家庭当然不是一个固定不变的概念”,在这一段的后面也写了不同时期的家庭和婚姻状况,从此可知“family”一词的含义也是不同的。

  2.【答案】C

  【解析】从文中可找出关键句“The man´s first duty...”和“responsible for her financial support”,此句意思是“男人应是女人的财政支柱”,financial的意思是“财政的,金融的”。注意“responsible for her...running of the new home”是关键句。

  3.【答案】A

  【解析】由第一段最后一句“neither...nor...nor...have any right to interfere with them.”此处的“them”是指夫妻俩,neither...nor...是否定形式,即说……都没有权力干涉夫妻俩的事情,——他们是自己的主人,故此题的正确答案是A。

  4.【答案】C

  【解析】分析本文第二段可知,《傲慢与偏见》这本书中讲述了当时的婚姻状况,当时有钱人之间的婚姻都是由女方父母做主,并且父母给新婚夫妇一些钱做嫁妆之后就不再管他们的经济问题,这是当时英国社会生活的一个方面。

  5.【答案】C

  【解析】从第二段中开始部分可知过去的女孩的社会地位,从后半部分可知现在的女孩的社会地位比以前有很大提高,表现在结婚前就可以自己在经济上独立,可以自己选择丈夫,可以不要dowry(嫁妆),这些方面都属于社会地位方面。

  Passage 2

  Except for the Indians, the earliest backpackers in America were frontiersmen, who roamed the wilderness looking either for necessities such as food and wateror for sources of wealth such as fur and gold. For them backpacking was a way of survival or a means of achieving what one day would be called the “American Dream”.Today,however,many people enjoy backpacking as a recreational activity.Shouldering a pack and leaving behind the world of telephone,television and traffic promise an exciting experience.Testing one´s stamina (耐力) and skills are challenging a sense of one´s place in the natural world can be rewarding .Moreover, backpacking is an activity that can last any length for time and can be enjoyed alone or with friends. Then too, a backpacking trip may be organized within a day or two. The backpacker and his friends have only to decide on their destination and then organize the all-important kit, whose contents they must depend on throughout their trip. A map, a compass, a flashlight, along with first equipment, food, and extra clothing can be rounded up without much difficulty. Once the backpackers have left word about where they go in a note on the refrigerator door or in a message on an answering machine, they can look forward to an adventure that will lift the spirit and nourish the soul. Their outing will enable them to return in a short time to the age of technology with the courage and independence of Natty Bumppo, who did indeed belong to the age of the frontier.

6. The passage mainly discusses_________ .

A. the early backpackers

B. backpacking as a perfect form of recreation

C. how backpacking started

D. why people of today are interested in backpacking

 7.The earliest backpackers were _____________. 

  A. frontiersmenB.IndiansC. fur traders D. gold miners

 8. Early backpackers who roamed about in wilderness were interested in finding________ .

  A. means to realize the American dream    B. recreation in life

  C. relief from the stress of everyday life     D. daily necessities

 9. One of the advantages of backpacking is that ___________. 

  A. it can help people to establish a link with nature

  B. it is a group activity and can cure a person´s loneliness

  C. it is not so challenging as other activities

  D. it does not require people to decide on a destination

 10.According to the passage, Natty Bumppo was____________.

   A. an American national hero   B. a character in a Hemingway novel

   C. a man of valor         D. an lndian warrior

  6.【答案】D

  【解析】本文开头简要介绍 backpacking这种运动的起源。但这不是文中主要讨论的内容。可以看出,文中讨论的重点是backpacking作为一种现代娱乐活动为什么会深受许多人喜爱。D答案与此意相同,说明了文章的中心议题,是正确答案。

  7.【答案】B

  【解析】见原文开头:Except for the Indians,the earliest backpackers in America were frontiersmen… 除了 Indians (印第安人), frontiersmen (未开发的边疆居民)是美国最早的backpackers这说明Indians才是美国最早的backpackers,因此B项是正确选项。

  8.【答案】D

  【解析】见原文开头……the earliest backpackers……,who roamed the wilderness looking either for necessities such as food and water or for sources of wealth such as fur and god……。D项与此意相符,是正确答案。

  9.【答案】A

  【解析】见它(backpacking)可以帮助人们与自然建立一种联系。这说明在这项活动中,人是融于自然的,它在人和自然之间建立了一种直接的联系,这也正是这项活动的好处所在。因此A答案是正确的。B它是一种群体活动,可以治疗一个人的孤独感;C它不像其它活动一样富有挑战性;D它不要求人们决定自己的目标。均非文中讨论的内容。

  10.【答案】C

  【解析】见见原文最后一句:Their outing will enable them to return in a short time to the age of technology with the courage and independence of Natty Bumppo,who did indeed belong to the age of frontier。C一个勇敢的人,符合文中的叙述,是正确的答案。A. 一个美国民族英雄;B. 海明威小说中的主人公;D. 一名印第安士兵。文中均未提到。

Passage 3

  American Indians played a central role in the war known as the American Revolution.To them,however,the dispute between the colonists and England was peripheral (边缘的). For American Indians the conflict was a war for American Indian independence, and whichever side they chose they lost it. Mary Brant was a powerful influence among the Iroquois.She was a Mohawk, the leader of the society of all Iroquois matrons, and the widow of Sir William Johnson, Superintendent of Indian Affairs.Her brother, Joseph Brant, is the best-known American Indian warrior of the Revolution, yet she may have exerted even more influence in the Confederacy than he did .She used her influence to keep the western tribes of Iroquois loyal to the English king, George Ⅲ.When the colonists won the war, she and her tribe had to abandon their lands-and retreat to Canada.On the other side,Nancy Ward held positions of authority in the Cherokee nation.She had fought as a warrior in the war against the Greeks and as a reward for her heroism was made “Beloved Woman”of the tribe.This office made her chief of the women´s council and a member of the council of chiefs.She was friendly with the White settlers and supported the Patriots during the Revolution.Yet the Cherokees too lost their land.

11. What is the main point the author makes in the passage? 

  A. Siding with the English in the Revolution helped American Indians regain their land.

  B. At the time of the Revolution, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs had little power.

  C. Regardless of whom they supported in the Revolution, American Indians lost their land.

  D. The outcome of the Revolution was largely determined by American Indian women.

 12. According to the passage, Mary Brant´s husband had been a _________ .

   A. government official        B. Mohawk chief

   C. revolutionary hero        D. Cherokee council member

 13.To which tribe did Nancy Ward belong? 

   A. Mohawk.  B. Iroquois.  C. Cherokee.   D. Greek.

 14. How did Nancy Ward gain her position of authority? 

   A. By bravery in battle.       B. By marriage to a chief.

   C. By joining the Confederacy.   D. By being born into a powerful family.

15. According to the passage,what did Mary Brant and Nancy Ward have in common?

   A. Each was called “Beloved Woman” by her tribe. 

   B. Each influenced her tribe´s role in the American Revolution.

   C. Each lost a brother in the American Revolution. 

   D. Each went to England after the American Revolution.

  11.【答案】C

【解析】这一段的中心意思是:无论美洲印第安人在美国革命战争中支持谁,最终他们都失去了他们自己的土地。文中举了两个例子来说明这一观点。

  12.【答案】A

  【解析】在第五句作者介绍说:Mary Brant 是Mohawk 整个Iroquios部落的首领,是印第安事务主管Sir William Johnson 的遗孀。这说明Mary Brant的丈夫曾是政府官员。

  13.【答案】C

  【解析】在第九句作者讲到:Nancy Ward 在Cherokee民族掌权。这说明她是属Cherokee部族。

  14.【答案】A

  【解析】在第十句讲到:Nancy Ward 在与希腊的交战中作战勇猛,作为对她的女英雄行为的奖赏,她成了“Beloved Woman” (“受人爱戴的女人”)。这个职位使她成了妇女协会的头领及首领委员会的一个成员。由此可知Nancy Ward是通过她的勇敢获得她的职位的。

  15.【答案】B

  【解析】这道题的题意为:Mary Brant 和Nancy Ward有何共性。作者举这两个例子最终要说明的是,无论印第安人是支持英殖民者还是支持美国,最终都没有得到应有的待遇。这两位领袖人物的行为说明她们各自都用自己的行为影响了各自部落在革命战争中的作用。

  Passage 4

  James Joyce was an Irish novelist who revolutionized the methods of depicting characters and developing a plot in modern fiction. His astonishing way of constructing a novel, his frank portrayal of human nature in his books, and his complete command of English have made him one of the outstanding influences on literature in the 20th Century. Many critics judge that he is second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language. Joyce was deeply influenced by Ireland and wrote all his books about Dublin.

  When he was in DublinCollege, he studied languages and spent his spare time reading books. He refused to take part in the nationalist movement like his fellow students, but he became passionately interested in literature. He wrote outspoken articles of literary criticism that shocked his teachers and even taught himself Norwegian so that he could read Ibsen´s works in the original.

  When he graduated in 1902, he knew he would become a writer and an exile, because he felt he could not be one without the other. In order to preserve his ideal of writing truthfully, fully, and as objectively as he knew how, about the people and places he knew best, he had to escape from all temptations to become involved in popular opinion or public life. He went to France, Italy and Switzerland, where he lived in poverty and obscurity for the first 20 years, only returning to Ireland when his mother was dying. Except for a couple of brief trips, he stayed abroad all his life.

16. James Joyce was first of all a ___________. 

  A. revolutionary   B. critic   C. novelist   D. exile

17. James Joyce was famous for many reasons EXCEPT ___________. 

   A. his way of constructing a novel   

B. his frank portrayal of human nature

C. his complete command of English

D. his passion in literature

18. “He is second only to Shakespeare” is a comment on his _________. 

A. achievement in literature 

B. achievement in the nationalist movement

   C. achievement in his study of languages 

D. mastery of the English language

19. How many examples are used to show his passion in literature?

   A. 2.   B.    3. C. 1.     D. 4.

20. Why did James Joyce stay abroad almost all his life?

   A. Because he wanted to live in poverty and obscurity.

   B. Because he wanted to write the people and places he knew best.

   C. Because he wanted to escape from all temptations to become involved in popular opinion or public life.

   D. Because he wanted to preserve his ideal of writing truthfully, fully and objectively about the people and the places he knew best.

 16.【答案】C

  【解析】文章第一句就已告诉我们他是一位小说家。

 17.【答案】D

  【解析】他成为二十世纪对文学产生深远影响的人物之一,是由于他的小说的独特构造,他对人性的率直描写及他对英语的完全掌握,即A、B、C,只有D不是他闻名于世的原因,因此D为正确答案。

 18.【答案】D

  【解析】“in his mastery of the English language”表明范围、方面,即在英语语言的掌握方面仅次于莎士比亚,本文没有具体提到他对文学的贡献或他学习的成绩,他没有参加民族运动,不可能在这方面有什么贡献,因此D为正确答案。

 19.【答案】A

  【解析】第二段提到他沉迷于文学,然后用两个例子进一步说明:他写的非常大胆的文学评论文章让他的老师大为吃惊,他甚至自学挪威语以便阅读易卜生原著。

 20.【答案】D

  【解析】James Joyce几乎一生都住在国外是因为他想保护他的写作理想,即真实、完整、客观地写他最为熟知的人物和地方。

Reading Comprehension 2

  Passage 1

  At dawn on September 5th, 1972 a band of “Black September” Arab guerrillas broke into the Israeli building in the Olympic village near Munich where 10,000 athletes were staying. Over 250 plain clothes police had been brought into the village, following a tipoff of trouble ahead, but none of them saw the Arabs scale the fence. They burst into the Israeli building with submachine guns blazing at 5:10 am. Some Israeli athletes escaped through the windows and side doors. Nine were taken hostage. The guerrillas demanded the release of 200 Palestinians held in Israeli jails and a safe passage out of Germany. Within hours the Olympic village was surrounded by 13000 police. The Olympic Games were suspended. After some negotiations, the terrorists were told they would be flown with their hostages to an Arab country. They were taken by helicopter to the Furstenfield military airport 25 miles from Munich. Just before midnight the guerrillas and their hostages began to walk across the tarmac to a waiting Boeing 727 aircraft. Suddenly al the airport lights were turned out and German police sharpshooters opened fire. The rescue attempt failed tragically. In the gun battle all nine hostages were killed, as well as four Arabs and one policeman. Three Arabs were captured and one escaped into the nearby woods. On the 8th, Israeli planes bombed ten guerilla bases in revenge for Munich massacre.

1. The most possible reason for Israeli athletes being attacked and kidnapped is that ________.

   A. they had a conflict with the Arab guerrillas

   B. the Arab guerrillas wanted to save the Palestinians held in Israeli jails

   C. the German Government hated Israel

   D. the Arab guerrillas hoped to get a large sum of money

2. When the trouble took place, the Olympic Games _________.

A.were completed      B.were going on 

C.were to be finished    D.were to take place

3.The terrorists were told that they would be probably sent by air to ____.

  A.Italy   B. India  C. Syria   D. Nigera

4.How many Arabs were there as terrorists?

  A.Seven.   B.Eight.  C.Nine.    D.It wasn´t mentioned.

 5.What do you think Palestine and Israel would act next?

  A.They would begin another conflict.

  B.They would begin to negotiate.

  C.They would try to improve each other´s relation.

D.They would turn to UN.

1.【答案】B。

  【解析】先找有关细节,解题的关键在第四句,意为“游击队员要求释放关在以色列监狱里的200多名巴勒斯坦人并安全离开德国”。这样,我们就可以来分析选项了。A项说“因为以色列运动员和游击队有冲突。”这是事实,因为文章讲的就是,但这不是原因,故不能选。再看B项“阿拉伯游击队意在营救被关押在以色列监狱中的巴勒斯坦人”,属实,现在看C、D项是否更确切。C项说“德国政府憎恨以色列人”,风马牛不相及。而D项“阿拉伯游击队想要一大笔钱”,显然也不是他们的目的。现在就可确定B为正确答案无疑。

2.【答案】B。

  【解析】根据第七句可知,奥运会赛事被中止。这不正意味着当时奥运会正在进行吗?这样,我们就可以来对选项进行取舍了。A项“结束了”,显然不对。C项“即将结束”虽然也有正在进行之意,但概括得又太具体,所以也不能选。而D项“即将发生”,更不对。这样就只剩下B项,其意为“正在进行”,正是作者的隐含看法,所以正确无疑。

  3.【答案】C。

  【解析】根据选项,结合问题,可知选项涉及到国名。再看原文,发现第10句是关键句:恐怖分子被告知飞往某一个阿拉伯国家。特别注意“阿拉伯国家”五个字。好了,现在我们就可以来分析选项了。去掉不属于阿拉伯国家的选项,就可以得出正确答案。A项“意大利”,B项“印度”,D项“尼日利亚”,都不属于阿拉伯国家。这样就只剩下C项,而“叙利亚”正好属于阿拉伯国家。从此题的选择过程中,我们可以体会到,多掌握一些英语背景知识如地理的、文化的、历史的等等,对提高学习成绩很有帮助。

  4.【答案】B。

  【解析】此题涉及到数字,要考虑到有可能进行简单计算。先找有关细节。根据倒数第三句和第二句可以知道:(在警察实施营救时) 4个阿拉伯人被击毙,3个被捕,1个逃跑,所以有4+3+1=8个。这样就可以一目了然地找到正确答案为B。D为干扰性较强的选项。注意在解答此类题时不要遗漏数字。

  5.【答案】A。

  【解析】解答此题应具有一定的逻辑推理能力。通读全文,可知阿拉伯国家 (以巴勒斯坦为代表)与以色列关系紧张。A项说“他们将可能挑起另一次冲突”,与们的分析及作者的暗示相吻合。再看还有没有更合适的选项,B项说“他们将可能开始谈判”有点可能,但既然以色列刚报复过,阿拉伯、巴勒斯坦会就此罢休吗?所以与A相比,应排除。再看C项“他们将尽量改善彼此的关系”也不合事实。而D项“他们将诉诸于联合国”,可能性也不大。所以可断定A为正确答案无疑。

  Passage 2

  Of the tens of thousands of ships on the ocean bottom, only a handful,less than1 percent,contain negotiable treasure, such as gold and jewels.Most give us a different,priceless treasure --- history. A sunken ship lies in trust, preserved in the airless environment of the sea, and those in deep water are especially well protected.No dry land sites anywhere --- except perhaps Egyptian tombs --- are in a better state of preservation than a vessel deep in the ocean. A sunken ship, therefore, can be a rare window through which a moment in time is glimpsed.

  This is not to imply that sunken ships are always found intact.Most ships break up on the way down, hit the bottom at about 100 miles per hour, and become a chaotic, confusing jumble (混乱的一堆). I recall the chagrin (懊恼) of a novice diver who , after surfacing from an underwater tour of a 400-foot ship, asked his diving buddy.“Where was the wreck?” It takes experience to actually know sunken ship when one sees it.

  But no matter what its condition on the way down, a ship deteriorates much more slowly as it sinks deeper into protective layer of sand and mud. Ancient vessels have been found in remarkably good condition.In 1997 a group of marine archaeologists excavating (发掘) a 900-year-old wreck recovered engraved glassware, Greek coins, bronze kettles, and amazingly, Greek jars containing seeds, almonds, and lentile --- even a plate with chicken bones.

6. Which of the following is meant by the “priceless treasure” metioned in line 2?

A.Valuable information.    B.Ancient coins.  

C.Precious stones.       D. Old books.

 7.The author compares a sunken ship preserved in the deep sea to which of the following?

  A. A tomb in Egypt.        B. A Greek jar.

  C. A vacuum.           D. A bronze chest.

 8. According to the passage,which of the following usually happens to a ship as it sinks?

  A. It remains in an upright position.  B. It gets transported by the currents.

  C. It breaks into pieces.        D. It attracts marine life.

 9. Which of the following objects found on the 900-year-old wreck most surprised the author?

   A.Money.  B. Jars.    C. Chicken bones.   D. Glassware.

 10.Which of the following features of an ancient ship is of most interest to the author?

  A. Speed.   B. Contents.  C. Location.     D. Design.

  6.【答案】A.

  【解析】从上下文可知;在众多的沉船中,仅有不到1%的船里有如金子和首饰类的可流通的财物,大部分沉船给我们的是另一种珍贵的宝物——历史。这说明,“珍贵的宝物”在此指的是历史,即这些沉船告诉我们一些有关不同时代的信息。

  7.【答案】A

  【解析】在第一段第四句讲到:也许除了埃及的古墓之外,陆地上没有哪个地方比深海能更好地保护船只了。由这句话可知:作者把保护在深海里的沉船比作埃及的古墓。

  8.【答案】C

  【解析】在第二段第二句讲到:大部分船在下沉过程中破碎。

  9.【答案】C

  【解析】在最后一句中作者介绍说:1977年,一组海洋考古学者发掘了一只有900年历史的沉船,复原了雕刻的玻璃器,希腊硬币,铜壶,更令人吃惊的是希腊的装有种子、杏仁、小扁豆的罐,甚至一只盛有鸡骨头的盘子。这说明,最令作者吃惊的是鸡骨头。

  10.【答案】B

  【解析】在最后一段及第一段作者分别谈到的是船内的东西。这说明作者最感兴趣的是古船装载的东西。

  Passage 3

  In the early days of sea travel, seamen on long voyages lived exclusively on salted meat and biscuits. Many of them died of scurvy (坏血病), a disease of the blood which causes swollen gums, livid white spots on the flesh and general exhaustion. On one occasion, in 1535, an English ship arrived in Newfoundland with its crew desperately ill. The men´s lives were saved by Iroquois Indians who gave them vegetable leaves to eat. Gradually it came to be realized that scurvy was caused by some lack in the sailors´ diet and Captain Cook, on his long voyages of discovery to Australia and New Zealand, established the fact that scurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for the sailors.

  Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may yet result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. These elements are called “vitamins”. Quite a number of such substances are known and they are given letters to identify them, A, B, C, D, and so on. Different diseases are associated with deficiencies of particular vitamins. Even a slight lack of Vitamin C, for example, the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit and vegetables, is thought to increase significantly our susceptibility (敏感度) to colds and influenza.

The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet, including a variety of fruit and green vegetables. It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet, say during extended periods of religious fasting (斋戒), or when trying to lose weight, that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins.

11. Scurvy is a disease that is provoked by ____

   A. salted meat and biscuits        B. exhaustion

   C. want of some essential substances   D. lack of fresh vegetables and fruits

 12. In the last sentence of Paragraph 1, “warded off” could probably be replaced by ____.

   A. got rid of   B. killed   C. avoided   D. cleared away

 13. To avoid such disease as scurvy, it´s better for us ____.

A. not to eat much salted meat

B. to supplement our diet with various vitamin pills

C. to have more fresh fruit and vegetables

D. to develop a good dietary habit

 14. Based on the passage we can safely conclude that if our diet is not comprehensive enough ____.

A. vitamin pills are of no avail

B. nutritious food might be unhealthy

C. vegetable leaves can be a good remedy

D. religious fasting may help out a lot

 15. Which of the following sentences best expresses the central ideal of the passage?

A. Deficiencies of Vitamin C may cause serious diseases.

   B. Fresh fruit and green vegetables contain enough nutrition that is necessary for a healthy body.

   C. Vitamins play a vitally important role in people´s health.

   D. A good mixed diet normally supplies sufficient vitamins for us.

  11.【答案】C。

  【解析】对于scurvy(败血症)整个第一段都在介绍其情况,是什么引起它的呢?这就要求读者对这一段的各细节都准确理解,文中很明确地提到败血症是由于水手的饮食中缺少一些东西而引起的,而败血症又可通过吃新鲜蔬果而避免,这是否意味着败血症是由于缺少新鲜蔬果而引起的呢?从字面看,似乎是正确的,有的读者会选D项,但我们仔细理解每一选项及原文,新鲜蔬果为什么能避免败血症,当然是由于其中含有丰富的维生素,从下文主要讲述的对象——维生素来看,我们也可猜到,真正引起败血症的是缺乏蔬果中的维生素,所以C项者是最准确的。

  12.【答案】C。

  【解析】用一个词或短语代替另一个词或短语,也是对词义的考查,通常可以从上下文来推断,既然败血症的产生原因已被查明,那么通过提供新鲜蔬果败血症当然能被“避免”。A项的除掉显然不正确,因为防治败血症可以通过多吃蔬果,但要除掉一种病症却不是那么简单的事。B项“杀死”,这与A项意思基本相似,也是不正确的。C项“避免”这与原文相符。D项“清除”这也与A、B两项相近,是不正确的。

  13.【答案】D。

  【解析】如何避免败血症的方法,文中已提到,可通过多吃新鲜蔬果的方法,正如第一题一样,透过表面文字新鲜蔬果的真正意义是什么?当然是指水手们单一的腌肉饮食太不合理,要补充蔬果以增加维生素,也就是说需要合理的饮食习惯,这样在仔细理解原文和选项后,我们不难发现D项是最合适的答案。

 14.【答案】B。

  【解析】这一题需要我们对全文都理解后才能得出答案,如果我们的食物摄取不够广泛会如何?A项“维生素丸没有用”,而文中未曾提到维生素丸的作用,而根据常识服食维生素丸是可以补充暂时的维生素不足的,因此A不正确。B项“有营养的食物也可能是不健康的”,正如文中提到的腌肉,虽然腌肉也有营养,但只吃咸肉而没有足够的维生素,水手们依然患了败血症,第二段第一句也表达了此意,因此B项是正确的。C项“蔬菜叶子可以作为一味好药”,如果食物摄取不广泛,蔬菜叶子并不能作万能的药,在文中它只适合于败血症的治疗,所以C项不准确。D项“宗教式的斋戒会很有帮助”,而文中提到,在进行斋戒时需要特别补充某些缺乏的维生素,所以D项不正确。

  15.【答案】C。

  【解析】这一题是读者对全文中心的理解,文章以败血症开篇引出维生素的重要性,末尾也提到了维生素的摄取途径,而这些都是为了突出维生素的重要性服务的。因此这篇文章的中心在于讲述维生素的重要性,所以应选C项。

  Passage 4

  The exact number of English words is not known. The large dictionaries have over half a million entries, but many of these are compound words (schoolroom, sugar bowl) or different derivatives of the same word (rare—rarely, rarefy), and a good many are obsolete words to help us read older literature. Dictionaries do not attempt to cover completely words that we can draw on: the informal vocabulary, especially slang, localism, the terms of various occupations and professions; words use only occasionally by scientists and specialists in many fields; foreign words borrowed for use in English; or many new words or new senses of words that come into use every year and that may or may not be used long enough to warrant being included. It would be conservative to say that there are over a million English words that any of us might meet in our listening and reading and that we may draw on in our speaking and writing.

  Professor Seashore concluded that firstgraders enter school with at least 2,000 words and add 5,000 each year so that they leave high school with at least 80,000. These figures are for recognition vocabulary, the words we understand when we read or hear them. Our active vocabulary, the words we use in speaking and writing, is considerably smaller.

  You cannot always produce a word exactly when you want it. But consciously using the words you recognize in reading will help get them into your active vocabulary. Occasionally in your reading pay particular attention to these words, especially when the subject is one that you might well write or talk about. Underline or make a list of words that you feel a need for and look up the less familiar ones in a dictionary. And then before very long find a way to use some of them.

  Once you know how they are pronounced and what they stand for, you can safely use them.

16. In the author´s estimation, there are ____ words in English.

A. more than half a million      B. at least 24,000

   C. at least 80,000          D. more than a million

17. The word “obsolete” most probably means ____.

  A. no longer in use  B. profound  C. colorful or amusing   D. common

18. One´s recognition vocabulary is ____.

A. less often used than his active vocabulary

B. smaller than his active vocabulary

C. as large as his active vocabulary

D. much larger than his active vocabulary

 19. The author does not suggest getting recognition vocabulary into active vocabulary by ____.

    A. making a list of words you need and looking up the new ones in a dictionary

   B. everyday spending half an hour study the dictionary

   C. consciously using the words you recognize in reading

   D. trying to use the words you recognize

 20. From this passage we learn that ____.

   A. dictionaries completely cover the words we can make use of

   B. “schoolroom” is used in the passage as an example of a specialized term

   C. once you know how a word is pronounced and what it represents, you have turned it into your active word

   D. active vocabulary refers to words we understand when we read and hear them

  16.【答案】D。

  【解析】在第一段中明确写道:保守估计,在听说读写各方面可能会遇到的英语单词超过一百万个。从这一句我们可以看出D项“一百万多个”是正确的。A项不正确,而B项是指高中毕业生的词汇量,C项是指一年级学生的词汇量。

  17.【答案】A。

  【解析】对这一题我们可以通过上下文的意思来判断,文中写道obsolete words是用来帮助我们阅读古代文学的,由此我们可推断出,obsolete words是用于古代文学中的,即老式词,所以A项“不再使用的”与原文相近,B、C、D都不正确。

  18.【答案】D。

  【解析】在第二段末尾,明确提到recognition vocabulary(认识词汇)是用于读或听的词汇,active vocabulary(会用的词汇)是说和写时用的词汇,后者比前者小得多,即会用的词汇小于认识的词汇,这样不难看出D项是正确的,而A项“比会用的词汇用得少”,这在原文中未曾提及,B、C两项与原文意思不符。

  19.【答案】B。

  【解析】这一题要求我们对原文充分理解后,结合排除法来做。文中第三段讨论了这个问题,我们可以在其中发现A项:把你需要用的词列成一张单子,然后在字典中查出生词的涵义,C项:有意识地多用你在阅读中认识的新词,D项:尝试使用你认识的词。在排除以上三项之后只有B项,每天读半小时的字典符合题意。

  20.【答案】C。

  【解析】这一题要求对全文通篇有所理解后才能决定出答案,并且这种题无法从文中找到一个可用判断的确切依据,须用排除法结合大意来做。A项认为“字典完全包括我们所用的词汇”,而原文中提到字典并不企图完全包含我们所用的词汇”,因此A是不正确的。B项认为“schoolroom在本文中用于说明特定术语”,而文中提到schoolroom时是作为复合词的例证,因此B是不正确的。C项认为“一旦你知道一个词如何发音且代表什么,你就掌握了这一单词”,这与原文中的“一旦你知道一个词如何发音且代表着什么,你就能安全地运用它”的意思相符,所以C项是正确的。

Reading Comprehension 3

  Passage 1

  According to the dictionary definition of “create”, ordinary people are creative every day. To create means “to bring into being, to cause to exist”—something each of us does daily.

  We are creative whenever we look at or think about something in a new way. First this involves an awareness of our surroundings. It means using all of our sese to become aware of our world. This may be as simple as being aware of color and texture, as well as taste, when we plan a meal. Above all, it is the ability to notice things that others might miss.

  A second part of creativity is an ability to see relationships among things. If we believe the expression, “There is nothing new under the sun,” the creativity is remaking or recombining the old in new ways. For example, we might do this by finding a more effective way to study or a better way to arrange our furniture, or we might make a new combination of camera lenses and filters to create an unusual photograph.

  A third part of creativity is the courage and drive to make use of our new ideas, to apply them to achieve some new results. To think up a new concept is one thing; to put the idea to work is another.

  These three parts of creativity are involved in all the great works of genius, but they are also involved in many of our day to day activities.

 1.Which of the following activities is NOT a creative one according to the passage?

  A.To prepare a meal.

  B.To arrange the furniture in a peculiar way.

  C.To buy some books from a bookstore.

  D.To “write” a letter with the computer.

 2.The author holds that ____.

  A.creativity is of highly demand

  B.creativity is connected with a deep insight to some extent

  C.creativity is to create something new and concrete

  D.to practise and practise is the only way to cultivate one´s creativity

 3.“There is nothing new under the sun.” (Par.3) really implies that ____.

   A.we can seldom create new things

   B.a new thing is only a tale

   C.a new thing can only be created at the basis of original things

   D.we can scarcely see really new things in the world

 4.What does the author think about the relationship between a new thought and its being put into practice?

  A.It´s more difficult to create a new thought than to apply it in practice.

  B.To find a new thought will definitely lead to the production of a new thing.

  C.One may come up with a new thought, but can not put it into practice.

D.A man with an excellent ability of practice can easily become an inventor.

 5.The best title for this passage is ____.

  A.How to Cultivate One´s Creativity

  B.What is Creativity

  C.The Importance of Creativity

  D.Creativity—a Not Farway Thing

  1.【答案】C。

  【解析】本题可用排除法。根据第一段可知创造力的含义是“使事物产生”,“致使事物存在”。这样就可得出结论,A、B、D项不能选,C为正确答案。

  2.【答案】B。

  【解析】主旨大意。选项B意为“创造力在一定程度上取决于非凡的洞察力。”根据最后一段,可知这是一种“天赋”,故正确。

  3.【答案】C。

  【解析】此题可在正确理解句子含义的基础上采取“排除法”来解答。根据上下文可以得知:此句的真正含义是“任何新事物的产生都是建立在原有事物基础之上的”。据此,这样就可确定C项为正确答案无疑。

  4.【答案】C。

  【解析】先找有关细节。此问题涉及到对文章第三段最后一句的理解。这样就可确定C为正确答案无疑。

  5.【答案】B。

  【解析】首先快速通读全文(注意主题句),可知文章主要谈论的是“创造力的含义及其三个方面的表现”,整篇文章都是围绕创造力展开的。这样就可确定,B项为正确答案。

  Passage 2

  In the past, American families tended to be quite large. Parents raising five or more children were common. Over the years, the size of the family has decreased. One reason for this is an increase in the cost of living. On the average, children attend schools for more years than they used to, making them financially dependent on their families longer. Moreover, children nowadays are better dressed and have more money to spend on entertainment. The parents usually take the responsibility for all the expenses. Meanwhile, families are less close than they used to be. More and more American mothers work away from home. The break up of the family occurs when the parents divorce. A lot of children in the U. S. live part of their young lives with only one parent. Broken families usually result in problems for children and parents alike. Children blame themselves when their parents separate. They grow up feeling unsettled as they are moved back and forth between parents. Usually one parent is responsible for raising the children. These single parents must care for the children´s emotional and psychological needs while also supporting them financially. This is very demanding and leaves very little time for the parent´s own personal interests. Single parents often marry other single parents. In this type of family, unrelated children are forced to develop brother or sister relationship. The situations of many American families today are not good. However, recent signs indicate that things are getting better. The divorce rate is declining. The rate of childbirth is rising. Perhaps Americans have learned how important families are.

本新闻共6页,当前

 6. In the past, American families tended to be ____.

  A. quite small  B. medium sized  C. quite large   D. small

 7. To parents who take the responsibility for children´sexpenses, the cost of living increases because ____.

A. children attend school for more years     

B. children are better dressed

C. children spend more money on entertainment

D. all of the above

 8. What problems would broken families bring to both children and parents?

   A. Children grow up feeling unsettled and parents didn´t pay much attention to children.

   B. Children grow up feeling free and one parent is responsible for raising the children.

   C. Children are moved back and forth between parents and the single parent is busy working to make money to support himself/herself.

   D. Children grow up feeling unsettled, and the parents have little time for his/her own interests because one parent is too busy taking care of children.

 9. According to the author, the situations of American families in the future may ____.

  A. become worse B. remain the same

  C. get better D. keep unchanged

 10. The title of the article might be ____.

   A. American Children  B. American Families

   C. American Mother   D. American Parents

  6.【答案】C。

  【解析】本文第一句话说明了过去美国家庭规模很大。

  7.【答案】D。

  【解析】回答此题要全面,仔细读文章不难发现,A.孩子们读书时间延长;B.孩子们穿着越来越好;C.孩子们花更多的钱在娱乐上。文中说是造成生活消费增长的原因,因此要选D。

  8.【答案】D。

  【解析】这题可用排除法做。本题问破裂的家庭会给孩子和家长带来什么困难。文中清楚说明孩子们不安定,因为要往来于父母之中, 孩子们的单亲父母得花更多的时间关心他们的心理、情绪,除了经济负担外, 以致他们没时间去满足自己的兴趣。A父母不管孩子;B孩子觉得自由; C父母忙于挣钱养活自己,这三项均与文章意见不符, 应排除掉,故选D。

  9.【答案】C。

  【解析】在文章最后作者指出有迹象表明情况好转,诸如离婚率降低,出生率上升。也许美国人已认识到家庭生活的重要性,我们可以体会到作者对未来美国家庭生活情形是持乐观态度的,所以选C“变好”。

  10.【答案】B。

  【解析】纵观全篇,A.美国儿童;C.美国母亲;D.美国父母, 三项均在文中提到过,但只是一个部分,都是B(美国家庭) 这个主题下的各个分支。而且文章主要还是讲述美国家庭生活的种种,故B 正确。

  Passage 3

  Once upon a time, the United States seemed to have plenty of land to go around. Plenty of rivers to dam and plenty of rural valleys left over. Plenty of space for parks and factories. Plenty of forests to cut and grasslands to plow. But that was once upon a time. The days of unused land are over. Now the land has been spoken for, fenced off, carved up into cities and farms and industrial parks, put to use.

At the same time, the population keeps growing. People need places to work and places to play. So we need more sites for more industries, more beaches for more sunbathers, and more clean rivers for more fishers. And it isn´t just a matter of population growth. Our modern technology has needs that must be met, too. We need more coal for energy, and we need more power plants; cars must have highways and parking lots, and jets must have airports.

  Each of these land uses swallows up precious space.Highways and expressways alone take some 200,000 acres each year. And urban sprawl --- the spreading out of cities --- is expected to gobble up vast areas of land by the year 2,000. But there is only so much land to go around. It is always hard to decide. Take, for example, a forest. A forest can be a timber supply. It can provide a home for wildlife. It is scenery and a recreation area for man. It is soil and watershed protection.

11. “…the United States seemed to have plenty of land to go around ” means that ______.

   A. the United States seemed to have vast land for its people to walk around

   B. the United States seemed to have enough land for sharing with everyone

   C. the United States could provide whatever its inhabitents´ needs

   D. the United States was not able to allow its people to do what they wanted to

12. The sentence of “Plenty of rivers to dam and plenty of rural valleys left over” suggests that _____.

   A. the United States had a lot of rivers to dam and many rural valleys, too

   B. the rivers could be damed later

   C. rural valleys would be considered in the future

 D. people needn´t think of the rivers and valleys

13. “Now the land has been spoken for, …” tells us that _______.

   A. today, land has shown its values

   B. now, people have said something about land

   C. nowadays, land has been claimed by human beings

   D. recently, people spoke for the land

14. The phrase of “swallows up” informed us that _______.

   A. these usages of land have good results

   B. these lands must be used totally

   C. the precious space was taken completely

   D. the precious space were eaten up

 15. The word “sprawl” indicates that ______.

   A. cities are developing very fast to meet the people´s demands

   B. urban areas are diminishing smoothly

   C. urban areas are enlarging steadily in a planned way

D. cities are spreading out without any plans

  11.【答案】B。

  【解析】句中关键词组“go around” 意为“be enough for everyone”,而不是“ walk around” 的意思,所以选B。

  12.答案A。

  【解析】这实际上是由两个名词短语 plenty of rivers和plenty of rural valleys 组成,“ to dam”和“left over”分别是动词不定式和过去分词短语修饰前面的两个词组,这里所表达的意思是美国还有很多河流可以在其上筑坝还剩下有许多峡谷可以利用。

  13.【答案】C。

  【解析】句中词组“ speak for sth.”常用于被动语态,意思是“get the right to sth. in advance; reserve”,另外,根据上下文,运用排除法,可以确定选C。

  14.【答案】C。

  【解析】词组“ swallow up”意思是“use up completely; cause to disappear”。

  15.【答案】D。

  【解析】“ sprawl”意思是“spread out ungracefully over a wide area”。所以这个词在此表明城市扩张没有规划好。

  Passage 4

  He was a funny looking man with a cheerful face, good natured and a great talker. He was described by his student, the great philosopher Plato, as “the best and most just and wisest man”. Yet this same man was condemned to death for his beliefs. The man was the Greek philosopher, Socrates, and he was condemned for not believing in the recognized gods and for corrupting young people. The second charge stemmed from his association with numerous young men who came to Athens from all over the civilized world to study under him.

  Socrates method of teaching was to ask questions and, by pretending not to know the answers, to press his students into thinking for themselves. His teachings had unsurpassed influence on all the great Greek and Roman schools of philosophy. Yet, for all his fame and influence, Socrates himself never wrote a word. Socrates encouraged new ideas and free thinking in the young, and this was frightening to the conservative people. They wanted him silenced. Yet, many were probably surprised that he accepted death so readily. Socrates had the right to ask for a lesser penalty, and he probably could have won over enough of the people who had previously condemned him. But Socrates, as a firm believer in law, reasoned that it was proper to submit to the death sentence. So, he calmly accepted his fate and drank a cup of poison hemlock in the presence of his grief-stricken friends and students.

16. In the first paragraph, the word “yet” is used to introduce____.

  A. contrast   B. a sequence  C. emphasis  D.an example

17. Scorates was condemned to death because he ____.

  A. believed in law             B. was a philosopher

  C. published radical philosophical articlesD. advocated original opinions

18. The word “unsurpassed” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to ____.

  A. untold   B. unequalled C. unnoticed   D. unexpected

 19. By mentioning that Socrates himself never wrote anything, the writer implies that ____.

  A. it was surprising that Socrates was so famous

  B. Socrates was not so learned as he is reputed to have been

  C. Socrates used the work of his students in teaching

  D. the authorities refused to publish Socrates´ works

 20. Socates accepted the death penalty to show ____.

  A. his belief in his studentsB. his contempt for conservatives

  C. his recognition of the legal systemD. that he was not afraid of death

  16.【答案】A

  【解析】yet前面一句说苏格拉底被他的学生柏拉图称作最好、最公正和最智慧的人,后一句说苏格拉底因为信仰异教和腐蚀青年而被判有罪,两个句子句意截然相反,所以yet 表示转折。

  17.【答案】D

  【解析】文中第一段最后一句话“Yet this same man was condemned to death for his beliefs.”表明苏格拉底因为他的思想而被判死刑,所以正确答案是D)。

  18.【答案】B

  【解析】根据上下文可以得知苏格拉底的影响很大,所以unsurpassed influence应该是巨大影响,四个答案中只有unequalled最接近,意思是无比的。

  194.【答案】A

  【解析】见第三段最后一句话“Yet,for all his fame and influence, Socrates himself never wrote a word.”,尽管苏格拉底名声和影响很大,但他却从未出版过任何著作,所以A)是正确答案。

  20.【答案】D

  【解析】文中最后一段提到“But Socrates, as a firm believer in law, reasoned that it was proper to submit to the death sentence.”,作为法律制度的坚定拥护者,苏格拉底提出应该服从死刑判决。因此,正确答案是D。

Reading Comprehension 4 Passage 1

Friedrich Dobl, a Yugoslav working in Germany, was fed up with traffic jams. At long weekends and holiday times when he wanted to get him quickly he always found himself behind hundreds of other cars moving slowly along the notorious foreign workers´ route through Germany and Austria. How easy it all was for police and emergency services. A siren, a flashing light? And like magic everyone was out of the way. Going home from work one night he passed a garage. And there in front of him was the answer to his problem. An old ambulance was for sale. The red cross had been removed. But not the flashing light, and the siren. He tried the light. It flashed magnificently. He tried the siren. That too sounded impressive. He bought the ambulance and opened up for himself a dream world of motoring. It began early in the morning, all his luggage in the back of the ambulance and motorway in Germany looking reasonably clear. Soon, as always, a long line of traffic appeared ahead. He switched on the flashing light and set off the siren. Cars swiftly slowed and pulled off the fast lane. Other cars stopped and drivers waved him ahead to an open road all his own. In record time he crossed the border into Austria. The big bluff was working. Police even waved him through the confusion caused by an accident. But then the Yugoslav made his beg mistake. Until then he had only stopped for petrol. Now he was driving past a real accident, lights flashing, too late to realize that it was not another traffic jam as he assumed. They stopped him, and after hearing the story of his ride across two countries fined him 12.5 pounds.

1. At long weekends and holidays Friedrich Dobl used to____ .

  A. drive home in Germany

  B. meet other foreign workers

  C. get caught in terrible traffic jams

  D. get to the place where he worked by a special quick route

 2. Why did he decide to buy the ambulance?

  A. Because he had always wanted one.

  B. Because he wanted to resell it at a higher price.

  C. Because he liked the siren and the flashing light.

  D. Because he knew that other traffic would get clear of the way for an ambulance.

 3. The red cross had been removed ____.

  A. but he soon put up a new one

  B. but the siren and the flashing light still worked

  C. so he asked the garage to paint another one on

  D. because the vehicle did not look like an ambulance any more

 4. When the police stopped him, ____.

  A. he was driving dangerously

  B. he had just driven straight past an accident

C. they found 12.5 pounds in his pocket

  D. they told him they had followed him all the way

 5. Which of the followings might be the best title for the passage?

  A. How to Drive Quickly.          B. How to Avoid Accidents.

  C. A Quick Way Home? By An Ambulance.D. A Safe Way Home? Non-Stop.

  1.【答案】C

  【解析】从本文第一段可以得知,在德国工作的南斯拉夫人Friedrich Dobl每个周末和放假都会回家,他在穿过德国和奥地利回国的路上受够了交通堵塞。由此可见答案A)回德国的家B)跟其他外国工人见面D)由一条捷径去工作的地方与原文不符,只有答案C)正确。

  2.【答案】D

  【解析】文中第二段开头提到“How easy it all was for police and emergency services. A siren, a flashing light? And like magic everyone was out of the way.”,意思是对警察和急救人员来说就太简单了,一个警示灯和一个警报器,然后象魔术一样,所有的人都给你让路。由此可见,答案D)是正确答案。

  3.【答案】B

  【解析】见文中第二段,“The red cross had been removed. But not the flashing light, and the siren. He tried the light. It flashed magnificently. He tried the siren. That too sounded impressive.”,警示灯和警报器都还在,试了试,警示灯很亮,警报器很响,所以正确答案是B。

  4.【答案】B

  【解析】见原文最后一段,“Now he was driving past a real accident, ... They stopped him”,他开车经过一个真正的车祸现场,他们让他停下,由此可推断出正确答案是B。

  5.【答案】C

  【解析】详见内容概要,文章主要是关于一个外国工人为了躲过交通堵塞快点到家而买辆救护车来开的故事,所以答案C)最合适。答案A)如何开快车B)如何避免交通事故D)如何安全回家?——不要停!都跟本文大意不符。

  Passage 2

  Some researchers claim that people´s personalities can be classified by their blood types.If you have blood type O, you are a leader. When you see something you want, you strive to achieve your goal. You are passionate, loyal, and self-confident, and you are often a trendsetter. Your enthusiasm for projects and goals spreads to others who happily follow your lead. When you want something, you may be ruthless about getting it or blind to how your actions affect others. Another blood type, A, is a social, “people” person. You like people and work well with them. You are sensitive, patient, compassionate, and affectionate. You are a good peacekeeper because you want everybody to be happy. In a team situation, you resolve conflicts and keep things on a smooth course. Sometimes type As are stubborn and find it different to relax. They may also find it uncomfortable to do things alone.

  People with type B blood are usually individualists who like to do things on their own. You may be creative and adaptable, and you usually say exactly what you mean. Also you can adapt to situations, you may not choose to do so because of your strong independent streak. You may prefer working on your own to being part of a team. The final blood type is type AB. If you have AB blood, you are a natural entertainer. You draw people to your because of your charm and easygoing nature. ABs are usually calm and controlled, tactful and fair. On the downside, though, they may take too long to make decisions. And they may procrastinate, putting off tasks until the last minute.

6. The passage is written by means of ____.

  A. enumeration  B. process analysis C. classification  D. examplification

7. People with type O will do the following things except____.

A. direct a board        B. burn the night´s oil

C. be considerate       D. self-oriented

8. Which of the following is not the feature of type A?

   A. Stubborn.    B. Sensitive.  C. Reserved.   D. Patient.

9. What is Not true to type B?

   A. He likes to work by himself.

   B. He doesn´t think much before he speaks.

   C. He has many original ideas.

   D. He cannot fit in with the environment.

10. The best profession for a type AB is ____.

  A. Musician B. PeacekeeperC. Actor D. Spokesman

  6.【答案】C

  【解析】本文按照血型分别谈论人的性格,这种写作方法叫分类。

  7.【答案】C

  【解析】原文谈到O型血的人作领导,会尽力做好想做的事情,又十分自信。但不太在意别人的感受。因而答案选C。

  8.【答案】C

  【解析】原文第三段有相关信息。

  9.【答案】D

  【解析】原文第四段说明B型血的人是有适应性并能够适应环境的。

  10.【答案】C

  【解析】本文最后一段提及AB血型的人是天生的演艺人员。因而答案选C。

  Passage 3

Before the 1870´s, trained nurses were virtually unknown in the United States, Hospital nursing was an unskilled occupation taken up by women of the lower classes, some of whom were conscripted from the penitentiary or the almshouse. The movement for reform originated not with doctors, but among upper-class women, who had taken on the role of guardians of a new hygienic order. Though some doctors approved of the women´s desire to establish a nurses training school, which would attract the daughters of the middle class, other medical men were opposed. Plainly threatened by the prospect, they objected that educated nurses would not do as they were told-a remarkable comment on the status anxieties of nineteenth-century physicians. But the women reformers did not depend on the physicians´ approval: When resisted, as they were at Bellevue in efforts to install trained nurses on the maternity wards, they went over the heads of the doctors to men of their own class of greater power and authority. (Florence Nightingale, who had friends high in the English government, had followed exactly the same course in reforming beer country´s military hospitals.) Professional nursing, in short, emerged neither from medical discoveries nor from a program of hospital reform initiated by physicians; outsiders saw the need first.209

11. Which of the following the best title for the passage?

   A. Public Hygiene in the United States

   B. Florence Nightingale: A Nurse´s Story

   C. The Fight for Nursing Education in the United States

   D. Health Care in Upper and Lower-Class Neighborhoods

12. According to the passage, nurses in the United States in the 1850´s could best be described as

  A. poor, untrained women      B. young medical students

  C. wives of military officers     D. middle-class men and women

13. The author states that the first advocates of nursing training in the United States were

   A. medical men           B. upper-class women

   C. professional nurses       D. military commanders

14. Why does the author mention Florence Nightingale?

   A. To describe the career of a pioneer of United States medicine

   B. To show that women doctors supported the effort to upgrade nursing

   C. To prove that conditions differed in military and civilian hospitals

   D. To show the similarity of her tactics to those used by United States reformers

15. In line 24, the word “outsiders” refers to people who

   A. had been rejected by society

   B. were not part of the medical establishment

   C. had been severely injured in military combat

   D. were not citizens of the United States

  11.【答案】C

  【解析】The Fight for Nursing Education in the United States;本文从头到尾讲的全是美国上层妇女为建立护士教育而进行的斗争。略读一遍,读懂大意,即可得出正确答案为C。

  12.【答案】A

  【解析】poor, untrained women;本文第二句描述的1870年代以前的护士,是unskilled,来自lower classes的妇女。这意味着她们是未受过训练的贫穷妇女。

  13.【答案】B

  【解析】upper-class women本文第三句中的The movement for reform是指要求改革当时的护理状况,进行护理训练。即使不认识originated和advocate这两个词,也可据此猜出正确答案为B。

  14.【答案】D

  【解析】To show the similarity of her tactics to those used by United States reformers;文末括号中关于Nightingale的这一句明确指出,她采取了与美国改革者们完全一样的做法,故正确答案为。

  15.【答案】B

  【解析】were not part of the medical establishment;大体读懂最后一句,即可看出这里的outsiders是指医务界以外的人,故正确答案为B。

  Passage 4

  At CapeChurchill in northeastern Manitoba, where the shore of Hudson Bay makes an abrupt 92-degree turn to the west, polar bears congregate in the autumn, waiting for the ice that is their home. By November, pack ice has formed beyond the fast ice, and the bears are moving. To be at the very tip of the Cape in November is to be in the middle of a slow but steadily flowing river of bears, methodically picking their way across the jumbled ice in a straight-line push for their hunting grounds.

The polar bears of Hudson Bay are a distinct population thriving at the southern end of their range. Polar bears live on seals, and to hunt them the bears must have ice to get to where the seals are. Yet in Hudson Bay the ice melts by July and the bears have to come ashore, there to spend four months eating very little, digging into sand dunes and dirt so they can stay cool in the summer “hear,” relaxing into a physiological state like that of black bears in winter dens. They are the polar bear population most accessible to humans, and they are not only the best studied but the most easily experienced by amateur naturalists, photographers, and just plain tourists. 213

16. With what aspect of bears lives is the passage mainly concerned?

  A. Their evolution       B. Their hunting skills

  C. Their temperament     D. Their seasonal movements

17. According to the passage, polar bears congregate at CapeChurchill during the

   A. spring  B. summer    C. fall     D. winter

18. The author uses the expression “steadily flowing river of bears” (line7) to illustrate the

   A. large number of migrating bears    B. bears graceful movements

   C. danger the bears represent       D. bears´ love of the water

 19. When the bears move out onto the ice, they look for their

   A. dens     B. young    C. food     D. mates

 20. It can be inferred from the passage that the polar bear population of Hudson Bay

   A. is one of several polar bear populations

   B. is unfriendly toward humans

   C. consumes food voraciously during the whole yeas

   D. is an endangered species

  16.【答案】D

  【解析】Their seasonal movements;本文没有涉及北极熊的进化A与性格C;对于它的捕猎海豹B,仅有一句话涉及,并非主要内容。本文第一段和第二段的大部分,谈的都是北极熊随季节变化而进行的迁移D。

  17.【答案】C

  【解析】fall;文中第一句中的主句指出北极熊在秋天聚集,正确答案为C。

  18.【答案】A

  【解析】large number of migrating bears;“steadily flowing river of bears”是一种形象的说法。把北极熊的行列比喻为一条“不停地流动的河流”,以说明其数目之多,正确答案为A。

  19.【答案】C

  【解析】food;第二段第二句后半句解释了北极熊走到冰上的原因:去到有海豹的地方捕捉海豹,而海豹是其藉以生存的食物,因而正确答案为C。

  20.【答案】A

  【解析】is one of several polar bear populations;本文最后一句是通过推论求解本题的主要依据。这一句中的主语They显然是指the polar bear population of Hudson Bay. 它们既然是“人最易接近的北极熊”,除了它们之外,必然还有人不那么容易接近的北极熊。由此可以推论:它们仅是北极熊中的一种而已,故正确答案为A。

第五节阅读理解强化练习

Reading Comprehension 4

  Passage 1

  Friedrich Dobl, a Yugoslav working in Germany, was fed up with traffic jams. At long weekends and holiday times when he wanted to get him quickly he always found himself behind hundreds of other cars moving slowly along the notorious foreign workers´ route through Germany and Austria. How easy it all was for police and emergency services. A siren, a flashing light? And like magic everyone was out of the way. Going home from work one night he passed a garage. And there in front of him was the answer to his problem. An old ambulance was for sale. The red cross had been removed. But not the flashing light, and the siren. He tried the light. It flashed magnificently. He tried the siren. That too sounded impressive. He bought the ambulance and opened up for himself a dream world of motoring. It began early in the morning, all his luggage in the back of the ambulance and motorway in Germany looking reasonably clear. Soon, as always, a long line of traffic appeared ahead. He switched on the flashing light and set off the siren. Cars swiftly slowed and pulled off the fast lane. Other cars stopped and drivers waved him ahead to an open road all his own. In record time he crossed the border into Austria. The big bluff was working. Police even waved him through the confusion caused by an accident. But then the Yugoslav made his beg mistake. Until then he had only stopped for petrol. Now he was driving past a real accident, lights flashing, too late to realize that it was not another traffic jam as he assumed. They stopped him, and after hearing the story of his ride across two countries fined him 12.5 pounds.

1. At long weekends and holidays Friedrich Dobl used to____ .

  A. drive home in Germany

  B. meet other foreign workers

  C. get caught in terrible traffic jams

  D. get to the place where he worked by a special quick route

 2. Why did he decide to buy the ambulance?

  A. Because he had always wanted one.

  B. Because he wanted to resell it at a higher price.

  C. Because he liked the siren and the flashing light.

  D. Because he knew that other traffic would get clear of the way for an ambulance.

 3. The red cross had been removed ____.

  A. but he soon put up a new one

  B. but the siren and the flashing light still worked

  C. so he asked the garage to paint another one on

  D. because the vehicle did not look like an ambulance any more

 4. When the police stopped him, ____.

  A. he was driving dangerously

  B. he had just driven straight past an accident

  C. they found 12.5 pounds in his pocket

  D. they told him they had followed him all the way

5. Which of the followings might be the best title for the passage?

  A. How to Drive Quickly.          B. How to Avoid Accidents.

  C. A Quick Way Home? By An Ambulance.D. A Safe Way Home? Non-Stop.

  1.【答案】C

  【解析】从本文第一段可以得知,在德国工作的南斯拉夫人Friedrich Dobl每个周末和放假都会回家,他在穿过德国和奥地利回国的路上受够了交通堵塞。由此可见答案A)回德国的家B)跟其他外国工人见面D)由一条捷径去工作的地方与原文不符,只有答案C)正确。

  2.【答案】D

  【解析】文中第二段开头提到“How easy it all was for police and emergency services. A siren, a flashing light? And like magic everyone was out of the way.”,意思是对警察和急救人员来说就太简单了,一个警示灯和一个警报器,然后象魔术一样,所有的人都给你让路。由此可见,答案D)是正确答案。

  3.【答案】B

  【解析】见文中第二段,“The red cross had been removed. But not the flashing light, and the siren. He tried the light. It flashed magnificently. He tried the siren. That too sounded impressive.”,警示灯和警报器都还在,试了试,警示灯很亮,警报器很响,所以正确答案是B。

  4.【答案】B

  【解析】见原文最后一段,“Now he was driving past a real accident, ... They stopped him”,他开车经过一个真正的车祸现场,他们让他停下,由此可推断出正确答案是B。

  5.【答案】C

  【解析】详见内容概要,文章主要是关于一个外国工人为了躲过交通堵塞快点到家而买辆救护车来开的故事,所以答案C)最合适。答案A)如何开快车B)如何避免交通事故D)如何安全回家?——不要停!都跟本文大意不符。

  Passage 2

  Some researchers claim that people´s personalities can be classified by their blood types.If you have blood type O, you are a leader. When you see something you want, you strive to achieve your goal. You are passionate, loyal, and self-confident, and you are often a trendsetter. Your enthusiasm for projects and goals spreads to others who happily follow your lead. When you want something, you may be ruthless about getting it or blind to how your actions affect others. Another blood type, A, is a social, “people” person. You like people and work well with them. You are sensitive, patient, compassionate, and affectionate. You are a good peacekeeper because you want everybody to be happy. In a team situation, you resolve conflicts and keep things on a smooth course. Sometimes type As are stubborn and find it different to relax. They may also find it uncomfortable to do things alone.

  People with type B blood are usually individualists who like to do things on their own. You may be creative and adaptable, and you usually say exactly what you mean. Also you can adapt to situations, you may not choose to do so because of your strong independent streak. You may prefer working on your own to being part of a team. The final blood type is type AB. If you have AB blood, you are a natural entertainer. You draw people to your because of your charm and easygoing nature. ABs are usually calm and controlled, tactful and fair. On the downside, though, they may take too long to make decisions. And they may procrastinate, putting off tasks until the last minute.

6. The passage is written by means of ____.

  A. enumeration  B. process analysis C. classification  D. examplification

7. People with type O will do the following things except____.

  A. direct a board  B. burn the night´s oilC. be considerate D. self-oriented

8. Which of the following is not the feature of type A?

  A. Stubborn.   B. Sensitive.    C. Reserved.     D. Patient.

9. What is Not true to type B?

  A. He likes to work by himself.

  B. He doesn´t think much before he speaks.

  C. He has many original ideas.

  D. He cannot fit in with the environment.

 10. The best profession for a type AB is ____.

   A. Musician   B. Peacekeeper C. Actor   D. Spokesman

  6.【答案】C

  【解析】本文按照血型分别谈论人的性格,这种写作方法叫分类。

  7.【答案】C

  【解析】原文谈到O型血的人作领导,会尽力做好想做的事情,又十分自信。但不太在意别人的感受。因而答案选C。

  8.【答案】C

  【解析】原文第三段有相关信息。

  9.【答案】D

  【解析】原文第四段说明B型血的人是有适应性并能够适应环境的。

  10.【答案】C

  【解析】本文最后一段提及AB血型的人是天生的演艺人员。因而答案选C。

  Passage 3

Before the 1870´s, trained nurses were virtually unknown in the United States, Hospital nursing was an unskilled occupation taken up by women of the lower classes, some of whom were conscripted from the penitentiary or the almshouse. The movement for reform originated not with doctors, but among upper-class women, who had taken on the role of guardians of a new hygienic order. Though some doctors approved of the women´s desire to establish a nurses training school, which would attract the daughters of the middle class, other medical men were opposed. Plainly threatened by the prospect, they objected that educated nurses would not do as they were told-a remarkable comment on the status anxieties of nineteenth-century physicians. But the women reformers did not depend on the physicians´ approval: When resisted, as they were at Bellevue in efforts to install trained nurses on the maternity wards, they went over the heads of the doctors to men of their own class of greater power and authority. (Florence Nightingale, who had friends high in the English government, had followed exactly the same course in reforming beer country´s military hospitals.) Professional nursing, in short, emerged neither from medical discoveries nor from a program of hospital reform initiated by physicians; outsiders saw the need first.209

11. Which of the following the best title for the passage?

   A. Public Hygiene in the United States

   B. Florence Nightingale: A Nurse´s Story

   C. The Fight for Nursing Education in the United States

   D. Health Care in Upper and Lower-Class Neighborhoods

12. According to the passage, nurses in the United States in the 1850´s could best be described as

   A. poor, untrained women    B. young medical students

   C. wives of military officers    D. middle-class men and women

13. The author states that the first advocates of nursing training in the United States were

   A. medical men          B. upper-class women

   C. professional nurses      D. military commanders

14. Why does the author mention Florence Nightingale?

   A. To describe the career of a pioneer of United States medicine

   B. To show that women doctors supported the effort to upgrade nursing

   C. To prove that conditions differed in military and civilian hospitals

   D. To show the similarity of her tactics to those used by United States reformers

 15. In line 24, the word “outsiders” refers to people who

   A. had been rejected by society

   B. were not part of the medical establishment

   C. had been severely injured in military combat

   D. were not citizens of the United States

  11.【答案】C

  【解析】The Fight for Nursing Education in the United States;本文从头到尾讲的全是美国上层妇女为建立护士教育而进行的斗争。略读一遍,读懂大意,即可得出正确答案为C。

  12.【答案】A

  【解析】poor, untrained women;本文第二句描述的1870年代以前的护士,是unskilled,来自lower classes的妇女。这意味着她们是未受过训练的贫穷妇女。

  13.【答案】B

  【解析】upper-class women本文第三句中的The movement for reform是指要求改革当时的护理状况,进行护理训练。即使不认识originated和advocate这两个词,也可据此猜出正确答案为B。

  14.【答案】D

  【解析】To show the similarity of her tactics to those used by United States reformers;文末括号中关于Nightingale的这一句明确指出,她采取了与美国改革者们完全一样的做法,故正确答案为。

  15.【答案】B

  【解析】were not part of the medical establishment;大体读懂最后一句,即可看出这里的outsiders是指医务界以外的人,故正确答案为B。

  Passage 4

  At CapeChurchill in northeastern Manitoba, where the shore of Hudson Bay makes an abrupt 92-degree turn to the west, polar bears congregate in the autumn, waiting for the ice that is their home. By November, pack ice has formed beyond the fast ice, and the bears are moving. To be at the very tip of the Cape in November is to be in the middle of a slow but steadily flowing river of bears, methodically picking their way across the jumbled ice in a straight-line push for their hunting grounds.

The polar bears of Hudson Bay are a distinct population thriving at the southern end of their range. Polar bears live on seals, and to hunt them the bears must have ice to get to where the seals are. Yet in Hudson Bay the ice melts by July and the bears have to come ashore, there to spend four months eating very little, digging into sand dunes and dirt so they can stay cool in the summer “hear,” relaxing into a physiological state like that of black bears in winter dens. They are the polar bear population most accessible to humans, and they are not only the best studied but the most easily experienced by amateur naturalists, photographers, and just plain tourists. 213

16. With what aspect of bears lives is the passage mainly concerned?

   A. Their evolution      B. Their hunting skills

   C. Their temperament   D. Their seasonal movements

17. According to the passage, polar bears congregate at CapeChurchill during the

   A. spring  B. summer   C. fall      D. winter

18. The author uses the expression “steadily flowing river of bears” (line7) to illustrate the

   A. large number of migrating bears  B. bears graceful movements

   C. danger the bears represent     D. bears´ love of the water

19. When the bears move out onto the ice, they look for their_________.

   A. dens   B. young    C. food     D. mates

20. It can be inferred from the passage that the polar bear population of Hudson Bay

  A. is one of several polar bear populations

  B. is unfriendly toward humans

  C. consumes food voraciously during the whole yeas

  D. is an endangered species

  16.【答案】D

  【解析】Their seasonal movements;本文没有涉及北极熊的进化A与性格C;对于它的捕猎海豹B,仅有一句话涉及,并非主要内容。本文第一段和第二段的大部分,谈的都是北极熊随季节变化而进行的迁移D。

  17.【答案】C

  【解析】fall;文中第一句中的主句指出北极熊在秋天聚集,正确答案为C。

  18.【答案】A

  【解析】large number of migrating bears;“steadily flowing river of bears”是一种形象的说法。把北极熊的行列比喻为一条“不停地流动的河流”,以说明其数目之多,正确答案为A。

  19.【答案】C

  【解析】food;第二段第二句后半句解释了北极熊走到冰上的原因:去到有海豹的地方捕捉海豹,而海豹是其藉以生存的食物,因而正确答案为C。

  20.【答案】A

  【解析】is one of several polar bear populations;本文最后一句是通过推论求解本题的主要依据。这一句中的主语They显然是指the polar bear population of Hudson Bay. 它们既然是“人最易接近的北极熊”,除了它们之外,必然还有人不那么容易接近的北极熊。由此可以推论:它们仅是北极熊中的一种而已,故正确答案为A。

Reading Comprehension 5

  Passage 1

  The beat generation mainly referred to the youth who were born and brought up around the Second World War. They showed their disdain (蔑视,轻视) for almost everything traditional, such as government authority, respect for parents, one´s duty,moral standards, and traditional customs. They developed a kind of absolute individualism and liberty.They preferred long hair, mini-dresses or close-fitting clothes to show off the figure. They advocated freedom of sex and cohabitation (同居). Their influence could be seen from the fact that about one third of the American couples living together were not married by law. And the divorce rate was very high. The endless U.S wars abroad and sharp class struggle at home caused many American youths to develop a kind of cynicism. They doubted the existing social system,possibility of harmonious human relations, and the long honored standard for correct behavior. They felt society overlooked their needs. Therefore, they refused to do any duty that was required of them by society. They declared “Don´t believe anyone over thirty.” All this came from the sick society. It´s wrong to imagine they all fought against capitalism in support of revolutionary things. Some of their ideas were even more decadent (颓废的)and impractical. It was an abnormal phenomenon in an abnormal society.

1. Based on the passage, how many of one hundred and twenty American couples of the beat generation practiced cohabitation?

  A. about 20 couples.   B. about 30 couples.

C. about 60 couples.    D. about 40 couples.

2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

  A.The beat generation´s refused to do any duty.

  B.The beat generation was in support of almost everything traditional.

  C.The beat generation believes no one except that he is over thirty.

  D.The beat generation´s ideas were not impractical.

 3. “Cynicism” in this passage most probably means ____.

A. a state of mind against realism

B. a state of mind doubting everything in existence

C. a theory advocating mutual help

D. a theory advocating individualism

 4.The reason why the beat generation refused to cooperate with society was ____.

A. they had no interest      

B. they found hard to cooperate with it 

C. the laws block their way to do so 

D. they thought their need was neglected

 5.This passage is mainly about ____.

  A. the young Americans      B. the generation gap

  C. the education of the young  D. an American social phenomenon

  1.【答案】D。

【解析】由文中“...about one third of the American couples living together were not married by law.”可知大约三分之一的是选择 Cohabitation.因此,本题正确答案是选项D。

  2.【答案】A。

  【解析由文中“...they refused to do any duty that was required of them by society.”和“They showed their disdain for almost everything traditional...”因此,选项A是正确的。

  3.【答案】B。

  【解析】文中有“They doubted the existing social system,possibility of harmonious humanrelations,and the long-honored standard for correct behavior.”因此,选项B是正确的。

  4.【答案】D。

  【解析】文中有“They felt society overlooked their needs.”因此,选项D是正确的。

  5.【答案】D。 

  【解析】本文最后一句是“It was an abnormal phenomenon in an abnormal society.”因此,选项D是正确的。

  Passage 2

  We have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God-given rights. The nations of Asia and Africa are moving with jetlike speed toward gaining political independence, but we still creep at horse-and buggy pace toward gaining a cup of coffee at a lunch counter. Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, “Wait.” But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch(处以私刑) your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at will; when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, and even kill your black brothers and sisters; when you see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in and airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society; when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering(口吃) as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she cannot go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on TV, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority(自卑) beginning to form in her little mental sky, and see her beginning to distort her personality by developing an unconscious bitterness toward white people——then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait. There comes a time when the cup of endurance runs over, and men are no longer willing to be plunged into the abyss of despair. I hope, sirs you can understand our legitimate and unavoidable impatience.

6. Which of the following best describe the tone of the article?

  A. Emotional.  B. Factual. C. Pessimistic.  D.Balanced.

7. Which of the following is NOT the response of the six-year-old girl mentioned in this passage?

  A. Her tongue twisted.  B. Tears filled her eyes.

  C. She felt inferior.   D. She starts to hate the white.

8. The writer might be ____.

  A.a victim  B. a leader  C. a Negro  D.a boy

9. What is the purpose of the passage?

  A. To motivate people.     B. To teach how to educate a child.

  C. To defend civil disobedience.D. To complain of an unjust law.

10. The writer might do all of the following things except for ____.

  A. lead a bus-boycott

  B. launch a campaign against segregation

  C. write a book entitled as Stride Towards Freedom

  D. lead a march to surround the jail

  6. 【答案】A。

  【解析】本文虽有大量的事实,但它们都出现在when开头的排比句中,表达了强烈的感情色彩。因而,答案选A。

  7. 【答案】A。

  【解析】本文提及的是父亲难以给六岁女孩解释为什么她不能去限制黑人的地方,而哑口无言。其余三项均可在文中找到明确的信息。

  8.【答案】C。

  【解析】推断题。本段中的we说明作者是其中一员。

  9.【答案】C。

  【解析】主旨题。本文开头说明黑人已经等待了340年还没有得到宪法和天赋的权利。期间黑人遭受了歧视性待遇,再也不能等下去了。他们采取的温和抵抗是不得已而为之。其余三项与原文不符。

  10.【答案】D。

  【解析】推断题。温和抵抗或不合作主义都是非暴力的,本文中也表明黑人在等待的意思,只是再也难以忍受了,再也等不及了。由此可知,答案为D。

  Passage 3

  At the University of Kansas art museum, scientists tested the effect of different colored walls on two groups of visitors to an exhibit of paintings. For the first group the room was painted white; for the second, dark brown. Movement of each group was followed by electrical equipment under the carpet. The experiment showed that those who entered the dark brown walked more quickly, covered more area, and spent less time in the room than people in the white one. Dark brown made people more active, but the activity ended sooner. Not only the choice of colors but also the general appearance of a room affects those inside. Another experiment presented people with photographs of faces whose energy was to be commented.

  Three groups of people were used; each was shown the same photos, but each group was in an ordinary room — a nice office. The third was in a tastefully designed living room with carpeting. Results showed that the people in the beautiful room tend to give higher marks to the faces than those in the ugly room did. Other studies that students do better on tests taken in comfortable room than in ordinary-looking or ugly rooms.

11. Which of the following is the best expression of the main idea of this passage?

   A. People in beautiful rooms tend to give higher marks to photos of faces than people in ugly rooms.

 B. The color and general appearance of a room have a deeper effect on the behavior of the people in it.

  C. The University of Kansas has studied the effects of the color of room on people´s behavior.

  D. Beautifully furnished, light-coloured rooms make people more comfortable than ugly, dark rooms.

 12. According to the passage, we may conclude that the whiter a room is ________.

   A. the longer people like to stay in it

B. the sooner people in it will leave

   C. the more active people in it will become

D. the more excited people

 13. What is referred to as the “general appearance” in this passage is ________.

   A. how many broadwindows a room has,

   B. through which sunlight might come in the size of a room

   C. whether there are beautiful walls in a room

   D. what the room looks like

 14. This passage provides us with _______.

   A. a piece of scientific information  B. a normal lesson

   C. an interesting test        D. a piece of news

 15. At least how many tests were carriedout by the scientists referred to in this passage?

  A. Three B. Two C. Only oneD. No one knows

  11.【答案】B。

  【解析】主旨大意题。全篇文章在谈到人们对不同颜色及房子的外观给人们的行为有深刻的影响。其中看这一句:Not only the choice of colors but also the general appearance of a room affects those inside。

  12.【答案】A。

  【解析】细节判断题。看原句:The experiment showed that those who entered the dark brown walked more quickly, covered more area, and spent less time in the room than people in the white one。由此可以推断出来:人们愿意住在白色的房子里而不愿意住在黑色的房子里。

  13.【答案】D。

  【解析】逻辑推理。即房子的外观。

  14.【答案】A。

  【解析】这一结论是依据科学实验得出的。因此正确选项为A。

  15.【答案】A。

  【解析】细节题。第三段很明确地告诉读者,受试者一共分为三组。

  Passage 4

  One of the greatest problems for those settlers in Nebraska in the last quarter of the previous century was fuel. Little of the state was forested when the first settlers arrived and it is probable that by 1880, only about one-third of the originally forested area remained, down to a mere 1 percent of the state´s 77,000 square miles. With wood and coal out of the question, and with fuel needed year-round for cooking, and during the harsh winter months for heating, some solution had to be found.

  Somewhat improbably, the buffalo provided the answer. Buffalo chips (干粪块) were found to burn evenly, hotly, and cleanly, with little smoke and interestingly, no odor. Soon, collecting them became a way of life for the settlers´ children who would pick them up on their way to and from school, or take part in competitions designed to counteract their natural reluctance. Even a young man, seeking to impress the girl he wanted to marry, would arrive with a large bag of chips rather than with a box of candy or a bunch of flowers.

16. What is the main topic of this passage?

   A. The solution to the Nebraska settlers´ fuel problem.

   B. Life in Nebraska in the late ninteenth century.

   C. The imporance of the American buffalo.

   D. Deforestation in Nebraska in the late nineteenth century.

17. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

   A. Nebraska was not a densely-forested state even before the settlers arrived.

   B. The children enjoyed collecting the buffalo chips.

   C. The children spent a lot of time collecting the chips.

   D. Buffalo chips were satisfactory as a fuel.

 18. The passage implies that buffalo chips were needed _______.

   A. in greater amounts in summer B. in greater amounts in winter

   C. only in summer D. only in winter

 19. Which of the following does the author not express surprise at?

   A. The children needed competitions to them.

   B. The buffalo chips gave off no smell.

   C. Buffalo chips were the answer to the settlers´ fuel problem.

   D. Young men took bags of buffalo chips to their girl friends.

 20. What´s the best title of the passage?

   A. Early Settlers        

B. One Use of the Buffalo Chips

   C. Nebraska´s Problems    

D. How Young Men Express Their Love for Girls

  16.【答案】A。

  【解析】细节判断题。第一段告诉我们:One of the greatest problems for those settlers in Nebraska in the last quarter of the previous century was fuel。燃料是当时Nebraska的最大问题之一。

  17.【答案】B。

  【解析】推断题。孩子们在上下学的路上拣干粪块并不是乐意,而是不得不为之。

  18.【答案】B。

  【解析】推断型问题。由于在Nebraska燃料是当地人们的最大问题。甚至连小伙子们会见姑娘都要带一包干粪块,可见其在人们心目中的重要程度。

  19.【答案】A。

  【解析】推断型。文中提到children …take part in competitions in collecting buffalo chips。

  20.【答案】B。

  【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章主要是谈及的Nebraska燃料缺乏,对早期移民的重要性。根据文章分析可以得知正确选项是B。

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